FMNL2

FMNL2
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	4YC7
Identifiers
Aliases	FMNL2, FHOD2, formin like 2
External IDs	OMIM: 616285; MGI: 1918659; HomoloGene: 70871; GeneCards: FMNL2; OMA:FMNL2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 2 (human)
End	152,649,826 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 2 (mouse)
End	53,023,816 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	inferior ganglion of vagus nerve; ; corpus callosum; ; subthalamic nucleus; ; external globus pallidus; ; medulla oblongata; ; pars reticulata; ; superior vestibular nucleus; ; ventral tegmental area; ; pars compacta; ; internal globus pallidus;
	Top expressed in
	otolith organ; ; utricle; ; superior cervical ganglion; ; sciatic nerve; ; hand; ; ciliary body; ; Epithelium of choroid plexus; ; trigeminal ganglion; ; condyle; ; stria vascularis;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	actin binding; cadherin binding; GTPase activating protein binding;
Cellular component	cytoplasm; cytosol;
Biological process	regulation of cell morphogenesis; cortical actin cytoskeleton organization; cytoskeleton organization; actin cytoskeleton organization; cellular component organization; regulation of cell shape;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	114793
	71409
	ENSG00000157827
	ENSMUSG00000036053
	Q96PY5
	A2APV2
	NM_001004417; NM_001004421; NM_001004422; NM_052905
	NM_172409
	NP_443137
	NP_765997; NP_001395244; NP_001395245; NP_001395246
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Formin-like protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FMNL2 gene.⁵⁶

Expression

Alternatively spliced transcript variants of the FMNL2 gene encoding different isoforms have been described.⁵ The full length FMNL2 (FRL3) protein (1092 amino acids-NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_443137.2⁷) is regulated through autoinhibition, and may become activated through Rho proteins.⁸ The FMNL2 gene is expressed in multiple human tissues.⁹

Function

Formin-like protein 2 is a formin-related protein. Formin-related proteins have been implicated in morphogenesis, cytokinesis, and cell polarity.⁵

Clinical significance

FMNL2 expression is considerably higher in colorectal cancer tumors compared to normal tissue.¹⁰

Clinical studies showed that single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FMNL2 gene are associated with cardio and cerebrovascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease¹¹ FMNL2 links vascular disease to increased risk of Alzheimer's disease by regulating the interaction between astrocytes and blood vessels in healthy and Alzheimer's disease brains.¹²

References

GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000157827 – Ensembl, May 2017
GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000036053 – Ensembl, May 2017
"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
"Entrez Gene: FMNL2 formin-like 2".
Katoh M, Katoh M (May 2003). "Identification and characterization of human FMNL1, FMNL2 and FMNL3 genes in silico". Int. J. Oncol. 22 (5): 1161–8. doi:10.3892/ijo.22.5.1161. PMID 12684686.
"formin-like protein 2 [Homo sapiens]" (NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_443137.2). National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Kitzing TM, Wang Y, Pertz O, Copeland JW, Grosse R (April 2010). "Formin-like 2 drives amoeboid invasive cell motility downstream of RhoC". Oncogene. 29 (16): 2441–8. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.515. PMID 20101212.
Gardberg M, Talvinen K, Kaipio K, Iljin K, Kampf C, Uhlen M, Carpén O (2010). "Characterization of Diaphanous-related formin FMNL2 in human tissues". BMC Cell Biol. 11: 55. doi:10.1186/1471-2121-11-55. PMC 2912821. PMID 20633255.
Zhu XL, Liang L, Ding YQ (November 2008). "Overexpression of FMNL2 is closely related to metastasis of colorectal cancer". Int J Colorectal Dis. 23 (11): 1041–7. doi:10.1007/s00384-008-0520-2. PMID 18665374. S2CID 22119273.
Lee AJ, Raghavan NS, Bhattarai P, Siddiqui T, Sariya S, Reyes-Dumeyer D, et al. (May 2022). "FMNL2 regulates gliovascular interactions and is associated with vascular risk factors and cerebrovascular pathology in Alzheimer's disease". Acta Neuropathologica. 144 (1): 59–79. doi:10.1007/s00401-022-02431-6. PMC 9217776. PMID 35608697.
"Missing Link Between Alzheimer's and Vascular Disease Found?". 24 May 2022.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000157827 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000036053 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[entrez-5] "Entrez Gene: FMNL2 formin-like 2".

[pmid12684686-6] Katoh M, Katoh M (May 2003). "Identification and characterization of human FMNL1, FMNL2 and FMNL3 genes in silico". Int. J. Oncol. 22 (5): 1161–8. doi:10.3892/ijo.22.5.1161. PMID 12684686.

[urlformin-like_protein_2_[Homo_sapiens]_-_Protein_result-7] "formin-like protein 2 [Homo sapiens]" (NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_443137.2). National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid20101212-8] Kitzing TM, Wang Y, Pertz O, Copeland JW, Grosse R (April 2010). "Formin-like 2 drives amoeboid invasive cell motility downstream of RhoC". Oncogene. 29 (16): 2441–8. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.515. PMID 20101212.

[pmid20633255-9] Gardberg M, Talvinen K, Kaipio K, Iljin K, Kampf C, Uhlen M, Carpén O (2010). "Characterization of Diaphanous-related formin FMNL2 in human tissues". BMC Cell Biol. 11: 55. doi:10.1186/1471-2121-11-55. PMC 2912821. PMID 20633255.

[pmid18665374-10] Zhu XL, Liang L, Ding YQ (November 2008). "Overexpression of FMNL2 is closely related to metastasis of colorectal cancer". Int J Colorectal Dis. 23 (11): 1041–7. doi:10.1007/s00384-008-0520-2. PMID 18665374. S2CID 22119273.

[pmid35608697-11] Lee AJ, Raghavan NS, Bhattarai P, Siddiqui T, Sariya S, Reyes-Dumeyer D, et al. (May 2022). "FMNL2 regulates gliovascular interactions and is associated with vascular risk factors and cerebrovascular pathology in Alzheimer's disease". Acta Neuropathologica. 144 (1): 59–79. doi:10.1007/s00401-022-02431-6. PMC 9217776. PMID 35608697.

[Columbia_University_Irving_Medical_Center_News_Article-12] "Missing Link Between Alzheimer's and Vascular Disease Found?". 24 May 2022.

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Expression

Function

Clinical significance

See also

References