Article · Wikipedia archive · Last revised May 27, 2026

List of Internet top-level domains

This list of Internet top-level domains (TLD) contains top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. A list of the top-level domains by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is maintained at the Root Zone Database. IANA also oversees the approval process for new proposed top-level domains for ICANN. As of February 2026, the IANA root database includes 1593 TLDs. This database also includes 156 that are not assigned and 11 test domains, all of which are not represented in IANA's TLD listing nor in the root.zone file . This number of active TLDs has decreased from 1502 in March 2021, reflecting removals, retirements, and changes in the root zone database.

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This list of Internet top-level domains (TLD) contains top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. A list of the top-level domains by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is maintained at the Root Zone Database.1 IANA also oversees the approval process for new proposed top-level domains for ICANN. As of February 2026, the IANA root database includes 1593 TLDs. This database also includes 156 that are not assigned (revoked or retired) and 11 test domains,1 all of which are not represented in IANA's TLD listing2 nor in the root.zone file (the file also includes one root domain).3 This number of active TLDs has decreased from 1502 in March 2021, reflecting removals, retirements, and changes in the root zone database.245

Types

IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:6

Original top-level domains

Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, prior to the creation of ICANN in 1998.

Name Entity Administrator7 Notes IDN DNSSEC SLD IPv6
.com Commercial Verisign This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the main TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools, and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be successfully challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name,8 to prevent "squatting". It was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense. Yes Yes Yes Yes
.org Organization Public Interest Registry This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally created as a miscellaneous category as stated in RFC 920 (October 1984) "...any other domains meeting the second level requirements," and clarified in RFC 1591 (March 1994), "This domain is intended as the miscellaneous TLD for organizations that didn't fit anywhere else. Some non-government organizations may fit here."910 While mainly non-profits have used this domain, it was never restricted from miscellaneous use. Yes Yes Yes Yes
.net Network Verisign This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. According to RFC 1591 (March 1994) "This domain is intended to hold only the computers of network providers."10 Yes Yes Yes Yes
.int International Internet Assigned Numbers Authority The .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, a few grandfathered domains do not meet these criteria. No Yes Yes Yes
.edu Education Educause (via Verisign) The .edu TLD is limited to specific higher educational institutions such as, but not limited to, trade schools and universities. In the U.S., its use was restricted in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by colleges and universities. Some institutions, such as the Exploratorium, that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names. No Yes Yes Yes
.gov U.S. national and state government agencies Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (via Verisign) The .gov TLD is limited to United States governmental entities and agencies as well as qualifying state, county and local municipal government agencies, and tribal governments. No Yes Yes Yes
.mil U.S. military United States Department of Defense The .mil TLD is restricted to departments, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense. No Yes Yes Yes

Infrastructure top-level domains

Infrastructure Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.arpa "Address and Routing Parameter Area" Originally assigned to the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as an Internet infrastructure TLD. No Yes

Country code top-level domains

As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. As of June 2022, the number was 316, with the addition of internationalized domains.1

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

Internationalized domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.

ICANN-era generic top-level domains

English

There are currently over 530 generic Internet top-level domains that use common English words. These are now found in a separate article.

Chinese (.cn)

Name Chinese term Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.ren 人 rén "people/person" in Mandarin pinyin Restricted TLD11 (Cancelled)12 Unknown Yes
.shouji 手机 shǒujī mobile phone — QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.tushu 图书 túshū books — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
.wanggou 网购 wǎnggòu online shopping — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
.weibo 微博 wēibó microblogging — Sina Corporation
.xihuan 喜欢 xǐhuān like — QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.xin 信 xìn credit; honest — Alibaba Group

French (.fr)

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.arte Association relative à la télévision européenne, whose acronym is arte, "art" — Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E. 13
.clinique "clinic or hospital" — The Estée Lauder Companies Inc. 13
.luxe "luxury" — Minds + Machinesn 1 Unknown Yes
.maison "house" — Identity Digitaln 2 Yes Yes
.moi "me" — Amazon Registry Services, Inc. 13
.rsvp Invitations and replies — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)n 3 Unknown Yes
.sarl Société à responsabilité limitée, Francophone Limited liability company — Identity Digitaln 2 Yes Yes

German (.de)

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.epost e-mail — Deutsche Post AG
.gmbh GmbH Upon request, you will be required to demonstrate current or pending designation as a GmbH company whose existence can be validated with the respective public authorities in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein or Switzerland. Identity Digital Yes Yes
.haus "house" — Identity Digitaln 4 Yes Yes
.immobilien "real estate" — Identity Digitaln 4 Yes14 Yes
.jetzt "now" — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.kaufen "buy" — Identity Digitaln 4 Yes14 Yes
.kinder "children" restricted .brand TLD Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
.reise "travel" Must be an eligible member of the travel business community; also, domain must be used for travel-related purposes.15 Identity Digital Yes14 Yes
.reisen "traveling" — Identity Digitaln 2 Yes14 Yes
.schule "school" — Identity Digitaln 2 Yes Yes
.versicherung "insurance" — Latin script14 Yes

Hindi

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.desi Desi (देसी), term for the peoples of the Indian subcontinent — Desi Networks Unknown Yes
.shiksha शिक्षा, "education" — Identity Digital Unknown Yes

Italian (.it)

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.casa "house" — Minds + Machinesn 1 Yes Yes
.immo French, German,16 and Italian abbreviation for "real estate" — Identity Digitaln 2 Yes Yes
.moda "fashion" — Identity Digitaln 4 Yes14 Yes
.voto "vote", for election and campaign websites Must use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process."17 Initially only available to registrations in the United States.18 Identity Digital Unknown Yes

Portuguese (.pt)

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.bom "good" — Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
.passagens "ticket" — Travel Reservations SRL

Spanish (.es)

Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.abogado "lawyer" To be restricted to licensed lawyers or law firms.19 Minds + Machinesn 1 Unknown Yes
.futbol "Football" (soccer) — Identity Digitaln 4 Yes Yes
.gratis "free" — Identity Digitaln 2 Yes Yes
.hoteles "hotels" — Travel Reservations SRL
.juegos "games" — Identity Digitaln 4 Yes
.ltda companies in South America Domains are limited to registered LTDAs (like LLCs) in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and Ecuador.20 InterNetX Unknown Yes
.soy "I am"
Also refers to the soybean and its food derivatives		 — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)n 3 Latin script, Japanese21 Yes
.tienda "shop", "store" — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.uno "one", for websites targeting Spanish speaking consumers — Spanish Yes
.viajes "travel" or "trips" — Identity Digital Spanish Yes
.vuelos "flights" — Travel Reservations SRL Yes Yes

Internationalized generic top-level domains

All of these TLDs are internationalized domain names (IDN) and support second-level IDNs.

Arabic script

DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--4gbrim22 .موقع Arabic Arabic mawqiʿ "site" or "location" Open TLD Yes
xn--fhbei22 .كوم kūm com Owned by: VeriSign Sarl13
xn--mgbb9fbpob22 .موبايلي mūbāylī Mobily Owned by: GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.13
xn--mgbi4ecexp22 .كاثوليك kāthūlīk Catholic Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)13
xn--ngbc5azd22 .شبكة Arabic shabaka "network" Open TLD Yes
xn--ngbe9e0a22 .بيتك baytak your home Owned by: Kuwait Finance House13
xn--mgbab2bd22 .بازار Persian bâzâr "market", "bazaar" Open TLD Yes

Chinese characters

DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--3ds443g22 .在线 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) zàixiàn "online" Open TLD.
The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 internationalized subdomains for localities.23 		Yes
xn--fiq228c5hs22 .中文网 Zhōngwén wǎng "(written) Chinese (language) network"
xn--ses554g22 .网址 wǎngzhǐ "network address" or "website" Open TLD
xn--5tzm5g22 .网站 wǎngzhàn "website"
xn--io0a7i22 .网络 wǎngluò "network"
xn--55qx5d22 .公司 Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) gōngsī "business organization" or "company"
xn--czru2d22 .商城 shāngchéng "mall"
xn--nqv7f22 .机构 Chinese (Simplified) jīgòu "agency"
xn--6qq986b3xl22 .我爱你 wǒ ài nǐ "I love you"
xn--czr694b22 .商标 shāngbiāo "trademark"
xn--rhqv96g22 .世界 Chinese and Japanese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji shìjiè
sekai		 "world"
xn--3bst00m22 .集团 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) jítuán "conglomerate"
xn--30rr7y22 .慈善 Chinese and Japanese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji císhàn
jizen		 "philanthropy"
xn--45q11c22 .八卦 Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) bāguà "gossip"
xn--55qw42g22 .公益 Chinese and Japanese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji gōngyì
kōeki		 "philanthropy"
xn--g2xx48c22 .购物 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) gòuwù "shopping"
xn--kput3i22 .手机 shǒujī "cell phone"
xn--mxtq1m22 .政府 Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) zhèngfǔ "public affairs" Second level restricted to ISO3166-1 country codes; third level registrations restricted to governmental organizations, or public institutions24


Cyrillic script

DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--d1acj3b22 .дети Russian Cyrillic (Russian) dyeti "kids" or "children" Open TLD Yes
xn--80aqecdr1a22 .католик Cyrillic Katolik "сatholic" (as noun) Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (Pontifical Council for Social Communications)13
xn--j1aef22 .ком Russian Cyrillic (Russian) kom "com" Owned by: VeriSign Sarl
xn--80asehdb22 .онлайн onlain "online" Open TLD Yes
xn--c1avg22 .орг org "org" or "organization" Open TLD Yes
xn--80aswg22 .сайт sait "site" Open TLD Yes
xn--p1ai .рф rf "Russian Federation" Yes

Japanese characters

DNS Name IDN Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--q9jyb4c22 .みんな Hiragana minna everyone Open TLD25 Yes
xn--1ck2e1b22 .セール Katakana sēru sale Owned by: Amazon Registry Services, Inc.13
xn--bck1b9a5dre4c22 .ファッション fasshon fashion
xn--cck2b3b22 .ストア sutoa store
xn--eckvdtc9d22 .ポイント pointo point
xn--gckr3f0f22 .クラウド kuraudo cloud
xn--tckwe22 .コム komu com Owned by: VeriSign Sarl13

Other scripts

DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--54b7fta0cc26 .বাংলা Bengali Bengali Bānlā Bangla Open TLD
xn‑‑h2brj9c27 .भारत Hindi Devanagari bharat India
xn--i1b6b1a6a2e22 .संगठन Marathi, Hindi Devanagari saṅgaṭhana "organization" Open TLD Yes
xn--11b4c3d22 .कॉम kom com
xn--c2br7g22 .नेट net net
xn--mk1bu44c22 .닷컴 Korean Hangul datkeom / tatk'ŏm dotcom
xn--t60b56a22 .닷넷 datnet / tatnet dotnet
xn--9dbq2a22 .קום Hebrew Hebrew kum com Open TLD Yes
xn--42c2d9a22 .คอม Thai Thai khom com

Geographic top-level domains

Africa

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.africa Africa 1328 Yes
.capetown Cape Town, South Africa 29 Unknown Yes
.durban Durban, South Africa 30 Unknown Yes
.joburg Johannesburg, South Africa 31 Unknown Yes

Asia

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.abudhabi Abu Dhabi UAE 13 Yes
.arab League of Arab States 13 Yes
.asia Asia–Pacific region This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. Chinese, Japanese, Korean14 Yes
.doha Doha Qatar 13
.dubai Dubai UAE 13 Yes
.krd Kurdistan This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Kurdistan3233 Kurdish Yes
.kyoto Kyoto Japan 34 Yes
.nagoya Nagoya 35 Japanese14 Yes
.okinawa Okinawa 36 Japanese Yes
.osaka Osaka 13 Yes
.ryukyu Ryukyu Islands 37 Unknown Yes
.taipei Taipei Taiwan Introduced in September 201438 Unknown Yes
.tokyo Tokyo Japan 39 Yes Yes
.yokohama Yokohama 40 Japanese Yes

Europe

Geographic TLDs in France
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.alsace Alsace "The purpose of .ALSACE is to bring Alsatian culture and identity to the Internet, make our region more visible internationally and boost the digital economy in Alsace."41 Unknown Yes
.bzh Brittany Breizh in Breton.42 This is a TLD for Web sites in the Breton language or related to Breton culture French14 Yes
.cat Catalonia This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.43 Catalan14 Yes
.corsica Corsica TLD Related to Corsican Culture Unknown Yes
.eus Basque, Spain and France Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.44 Unknown Yes
.paris Paris "Must be an individual or corporate entity with a bona fide presence in the Greater area of Paris"45 Yes Yes
Geographic TLDs in Germany
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.bayern Bavaria 46 Yes Yes
.berlin Berlin Must have a connection to Berlin, Germany. For example: a company based in Berlin, a person from Berlin, etc.47 Latin and Cyrillic scripts14 Yes
.cologne Cologne 48 Yes Yes
.koeln 49 Yes Yes
.hamburg Hamburg Latin script14 Yes
.nrw North Rhine-Westphalia 50 Yes Yes
.ruhr Ruhr 51 German14 Yes
.saarland Saarland 52 Unknown Yes
Geographic TLDs in Spain
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.bcn Barcelona 13 Yes
.barcelona Unknown Yes
.cat Catalonia This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.43 Catalan14 Yes
.eus Basque, Spain and France Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.44 Unknown Yes
.gal Galicia This is a TLD for Web sites in the Galician language or related to Galician culture.53 Unknown Yes
.madrid Madrid 54 Unknown Yes
Other European Geographic TLDs
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.eu European Union 55 Available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union. Yes Yes
.amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands 56 Unknown Yes
.bar Bar Montenegro 13 Mostly used for bars and other alcohol facilities worldwide Unknown Yes
.brussels Brussels Belgium 57 Latin script14 Yes
.cymru Wales United Kingdom 58 Welsh14 Yes
.wales 58 Welsh14 Yes
.frl Friesland Netherlands Fryslân in (West) Frisian, one of the twelve provinces in the Netherlands.59 Unknown Yes
.gent Ghent Belgium 60 Unknown Yes
.helsinki Helsinki Finland Unknown Yes
.irish Ireland and Irish diaspora Unknown Yes
.ist Istanbul Turkey Unknown Yes
.istanbul Unknown Yes
.london London United Kingdom 61 Yes Yes
.moscow Moscow Russia 62 Yes Yes
.scot Scotland United Kingdom 63 Unknown Yes
.stockholm Stockholm Sweden Used only by the city organisation itself.13 Yes64 Yes
.swiss Switzerland 13 Yes65 Yes
.tatar Tatar peoples and places Tatarstan is a region in Russia, though this TLD is meant for the global Tatar community.66 Unknown Yes
.tirol Tyrol Austria 67 Yes14 Yes
.vlaanderen Flanders Belgium 68 Latin script14 Yes
.wien Vienna Austria 69 Latin script14 Yes
.zuerich Zurich Switzerland 70 Unknown Yes
.su Soviet Union 71 Yes14 Yes

North America

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC Alternatives
.boston Boston, Massachusetts United States 13 Yes .boston.ma.us
.miami Miami, Florida 72 Unknown Yes .miami.fl.us
.nyc New York, New York 73 Spanish14 Yes .new-york.ny.us
.quebec Quebec Canada 74 Unknown Yes .qc.ca
.vegas Las Vegas, Nevada United States 75 Yes Yes .las-vegas.nv.us

Oceania

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.kiwi New Zealand 76 Latin script14 Yes
.melbourne Melbourne, Australia 77 Unknown Yes
.sydney Sydney, Australia 78 Unknown Yes

South America

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.lat Latin America 79 Spanish80 Yes
.rio Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 81 Unknown Yes

Internationalized geographic top-level domains

DNS name Display name Entity Language Script Transliteration Notes Other TLD IDN DNSSEC
xn--1qqw23a22 .佛山 Foshan, China Chinese Chinese (Simplified) fat6 saan1 82 Yes Yes
xn--xhq521b22 .广东 Guangdong, China gwong2 dung1 13
xn--80adxhks22 .москва Moscow, Russia Russian Cyrillic (Russian) moskva 83 .moscow Russian14 Yes
xn--p1acf22 .рус Russian language, post-Soviet states rus 13 .su
xn--mgbca7dzdo22 .ابوظبي Abu Dhabi Arabic Arabic Abū Ẓabī 13 .abudhabi
xn--ngbrx22 .عرب Arab ‘Arab 13

Brand and corporate top-level domains

Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.aaa American Automobile Association 13 Yes
.aarp AARP 13 Yes
.abarth Stellantis (Abarth) IANA13 lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 202184
.abb ABB 13 Yes
.abbott Abbott Laboratories 13 Yes
.abbvie AbbVie 13 Yes
.abc American Broadcasting Company85 13 Yes
.accenture Accenture 13 Yes
.aco ACO Ahlmann SE & Co. KG 13 Yes
.aeg Aktiebolaget Electrolux 13 Yes
.aetna Aetna 13 Yes
.afl Australian Football League 13 Yes
.agakhan Aga Khan Foundation 13 Yes
.Agilent Agilent 13 Yes
.aig American International Group 13 Yes
.aigo Aigo 13
.airbus Airbus 13 Yes
.airtel Bharti Airtel 13 Yes
.akdn Aga Khan Foundation 13 Yes
.alfaromeo Stellantis (Alfa Romeo) IANA13 lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 202184
.alibaba Alibaba Group 13 Yes
.alipay Alibaba Group 13 Yes
.allfinanz Allfinanz Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft 86 Unknown Yes
.allstate Allstate 13 Yes
.ally Ally Financial 13 Yes
.alstom Alstom 13 Yes
.amazon Amazon Yes
.americanexpress American Express 13 Yes
.amex American Express 13 Yes
.amica Amica Mutual Insurance 13 Yes
.android Google (Android) 87 Unknown Yes
.anz Australia & New Zealand Banking Group 13 Yes
.aol AOL 13 Yes
.apple Apple 1388 Yes
.aquarelle Aquarelle.com Group 89 Unknown Yes
.aramco Aramco 13 Yes
.arte Arte Yes
.audi Audi 13 Yes
.audible Audible (Amazon Registry Services, Inc.) Yes
.auspost Australia Post 13 Yes
.aws Amazon Web Services 13 Yes
.axa Axa 90 Yes14 Yes
.azure Microsoft (Azure) 13 Yes
.baidu Baidu 13 Yes
.bananarepublic Gap (Banana Republic) 13
.barclaycard Barclays 91 Unknown Yes
.barclays Barclays 91 Unknown Yes
.basketball FIBA 92 Yes
.bauhaus Werkhaus GmbH 13 Yes
.bbc BBC 13 Yes
.bbt BB&T 13 Yes
.bbva Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria 13 Yes
.bcg Boston Consulting Group 13 Yes
.bentley Bentley 13 Yes
.bestbuy Best Buy (BBY Solutions, Inc.) Yes
.bharti Bharti Enterprises 13 Yes
.bing Microsoft (Bing) 13 Yes
.blanco BLANCO GmbH + Co KG 13
.bloomberg Bloomberg 93 Unknown Yes
.bms Bristol Myers Squibb 13 Yes
.bmw BMW 94 No Yes
.bnl Banca Nazionale del Lavoro 95 Unknown
.bnpparibas BNP Paribas 96 Unknown Yes
.boehringer Boehringer Ingelheim 13 Yes
.bond Bond University13 Later became a gTLD on 26 November 2019 Yes
.booking Booking.com 13 Yes
.bosch Robert Bosch GmbH 13 Yes
.bostik Bostik 13 Yes
.bradesco Bradesco 97 Unknown Yes
.brave Brave Software 13 Yes
.bridgestone Bridgestone 13 Yes
.brother Brother Industries 13 Yes
.bugatti Bugatti 13
.cal Google (Calendar) 98 Unknown Yes
.calvinklein PVH 13 Yes
.canon Canon 13 Yes
.capitalone Capital One 13 Yes
.caravan Caravan International 99 Unknown Yes
.cartier Richemont DNS 13
.catholic Pontifical Council for Social Communications 13 Yes
.cba Commonwealth Bank 13 Yes
.cbn Christian Broadcasting Network 13 Yes
.cbre CBRE Group 13 Yes
.cbs CBS 13
.cern CERN 100 Unknown Yes
.cfa CFA Institute 13 Yes
.chanel Chanel 13 Yes
.chase Chase Bank 13 Yes
.chintai Chintai Corporation 13 Yes
.chrome Google (Chrome) 101 Unknown Yes
.chrysler Chrysler 13
.cipriani Hotel Cipriani Srl 13 Yes
.cisco Cisco Systems 13 Yes
.citadel Citadel Domain 13 Yes
.citi Citigroup 13 Yes
.citic CITIC Group 102 No Yes
.clubmed Club Med 13 Yes
.comcast Comcast 13
.commbank Commonwealth Bank 13 Yes
.creditunion CUNA Performance Resources 13 Yes
.crown Crown Equipment Corporation 13 Yes
.crs Federated Co-operatives
(Co-Operative Retailing System)		 103 Unknown Yes
.csc DXC Technology
.cuisinella Société Alsacienne de Meubles (Cuisinella) 104 Unknown Yes
.dabur Dabur 13 Yes
.datsun Nissan (Datsun) 13 Yes
.dealer Dealer Dot Com 13 Yes
.dell Dell 13 Yes
.deloitte Deloitte 13 Yes
.delta Delta Air Lines 13 Yes
.dhl Deutsche Post 13 Yes
.discover Discover Financial Services 13 Yes
.dish Dish Network 13 Yes
.dnp Dai Nippon Printing 105 Unknown Yes
.dodge Chrysler (Dodge) 13
.dunlop Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company (Dunlop Tyres) 13 Yes
.dupont DuPont 13 Yes
.dvag Deutsche Vermögensberatung 106 Unknown Yes
.edeka Edeka 107 Unknown Yes
.emerck Merck Group 108 Unknown Yes
.epson Seiko Epson 13 Yes
.ericsson Ericsson 13 Yes
.erni ERNI Group Holding AG 13 Yes
.esurance Esurance 13
.etisalat Etisalat 13
.eurovision European Broadcasting Union (Eurovision) 13 Yes
.everbank EverBank 109 Unknown
.extraspace Extra Space Storage 13 Yes
.fage Fage 13 Yes
.fairwinds FairWinds Partners 13 Yes
.farmers Farmers Insurance Exchange 13 Yes
.fedex FedEx 13 Yes
.ferrari Stellantis (Ferrari) IANA13 lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 202184 Yes
.ferrero Ferrero 13 Yes
.fiat Stellantis (Fiat) IANA13 lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 202184
.fidelity Fidelity Investments 13 Yes
.firestone Bridgestone 13 Yes
.firmdale Firmdale Holdings 110 Unknown Yes
.flickr Yahoo! (Flickr) 13 Yes
.flir FLIR Systems 13 Yes
.flsmidth FLSmidth 111 Unknown
.ford Ford 13 Yes
.fox FOX Registry, LLC 13 Yes
.fresenius Fresenius Immobilien-Verwaltungs-GmbH 13 Yes
.frogans OP3FT Solely for use by the Frogans technology112 Yes14 Yes
.frontier Frontier Communications 13 Yes
.fujitsu Fujitsu 13 Yes
.fujixerox Fuji Xerox 13
.gallo E & J Gallo Winery 13 Yes
.gallup Gallup 13 Yes
.gap Gap 13 Yes
.gbiz Google 113 Unknown Yes
.gea GEA Group 13 Yes
.genting Genting Group 13 Yes
.giving Public Interest Registry 13 Yes
.gle Google 114 Unknown Yes
.globo Grupo Globo 115 No Yes
.gmail Google (Gmail) 116 Unknown Yes
.gmo GMO Internet 117 Unknown Yes
.gmx 1&1 Mail & Media (GMX, Global Message Exchange) 118 Unknown Yes
.godaddy Go Daddy 13 Yes
.goldpoint Yodobashi Camera 13 Yes
.goodyear Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company 13 Yes
.goog Google 119 Unknown Yes
.google Google 120 Unknown Yes
.grainger Grainger Registry Services, LLC 13 Yes
.guardian Guardian Life Insurance Company of America 13
.gucci Gucci 13 Yes
.hbo HBO 13 Yes
.hdfc Housing Development Finance Corporation 13 Yes
.hdfcbank HDFC Bank 13 Yes
.hermes Hermès 13 Yes
.hisamitsu Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical 13 Yes
.hitachi Hitachi 13 Yes
.hkt Hong Kong Telecom 13 Yes
.homegoods HomeGoods (The TJX Companies, Inc.) Yes
.homesense HomeSense (The TJX Companies, Inc.) Yes
.honda Honda 13 Yes
.honeywell Honeywell 13
.hotmail Microsoft (Hotmail) 13 Yes
.hsbc HSBC 121 Unknown Yes
.hughes Hughes Network Systems 13 Yes
.hyatt Hyatt 13 Yes
.hyundai Hyundai Motor Company 13 Yes
.ibm IBM 122 Unknown Yes
.ice Intercontinental Exchange Yes
.ieee Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers 13 Yes
.ifm ifm electronic gmbh 13 Yes
.ikano Ikano 13 Yes
.imdb Amazon (IMDb) 13 Yes
.infiniti Nissan (Infiniti) 13 Yes
.intel Intel 13
.intuit Intuit 13 Yes
.ipiranga Ipiranga 13 Yes
.iselect iSelect 13
.itau Itaú Unibanco 13 Yes
.itv ITV 13 Yes
.iveco CNH Industrial (Iveco) 13
.jaguar Jaguar Land Rover 13 Yes
.java Oracle (Java) 13 Yes
.jcb JCB 13 Yes
.jcp JCP Media 13
.jeep Chrysler (Jeep) 13 Yes
.jio Reliance Industries (Jio) 13 Yes
.jpmorgan JPMorgan Chase 13 Yes
.juniper Juniper Networks 13 Yes
.kddi KDDI 13 Yes
.kerryhotels Kerry Trading Co. Limited 13 Yes
.kerryproperties Kerry Trading Co. Limited 13 Yes
.kfh Kuwait Finance House 13 Yes
.kia Kia Motors Corporation 13 Yes
.kinder Ferrero (Kinder Surprise) 13
.kindle Amazon (Kindle) 13 Yes
.komatsu Komatsu 13 Yes
.kpmg KPMG 13 Yes
.kred KredTLD 123 Unknown Yes
.kuokgroup Kerry Trading Co. Limited 13 Yes
.lacaixa Caixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona 124 Unknown Yes
.ladbrokes Ladbrokes 13
.lamborghini Lamborghini 13 Yes
.lancaster Lancaster (Coty) 13 Yes
.lancia Stellantis (Lancia) IANA13 lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 202184
.lancome L'Oréal (Lancôme) 13
.landrover Jaguar Land Rover 13 Yes
.lanxess Lanxess 13 Yes
.lasalle JLL 13 Yes
.latrobe La Trobe University 125 Unknown Yes
.lds The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)126 127 Unknown Yes
.leclerc E.Leclerc 128 Yes
.lego Lego Group 13 Yes
.liaison Liaison Technologies 13
.lexus Toyota (Lexus) 13 Yes
.lidl Lidl 13 Yes
.lifestyle Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. 13 Yes
.lilly Eli Lilly and Company 13 Yes
.lincoln Ford (Lincoln) 13 Yes
.linde Linde 13
.lipsy Lipsy Ltd 13 Yes
.lixil Lixil Group 13
.locus Locus Analytics 13 Yes
.lotte Lotte Holdings 13 Yes
.lpl LPL Financial 13 Yes
.lplfinancial LPL Financial 13 Yes
.lundbeck Lundbeck 13 Yes
.lupin Lupin Limited 13
.macys Macy's 13
.maif MAIF 13 Yes
.man MAN 13 Yes
.mango Mango 129 Latin script14 Yes
.marriott Marriott International 13 Yes
.maserati Stellantis (Maserati) IANA13 lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 202184
.mattel Mattel 13 Yes
.mckinsey McKinsey & Company 13 Yes
.metlife MetLife 13
.microsoft Microsoft 13 Yes
.mini BMW (Mini) 130 No Yes
.mint Intuit Mint (Intuit Administrative Services, Inc.) Yes
.mit Massachusetts Institute of Technology 13 Yes
.mitsubishi Mitsubishi Corporation 13 Yes
.mlb MLB Advanced Media 13 Yes
.mma MMA IARD 13 Yes
.monash Monash University 131132 No Yes
.mormon The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)126 133 Unknown Yes
.moto Motorola 13 Yes
.movistar Telefónica (Movistar) 13
.msd MSD Registry Holdings, Inc. 13 Yes
.mtn MTN 13 Yes
.mtr MTR Corporation 13 Yes
.mutual Northwestern Mutual 13
.nadex Nadex 13
.nationwide Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company 13
.natura Natura & Co 13
.nba National Basketball Association 13 Yes
.nec NEC 13 Yes
.netflix Netflix 13 Yes
.neustar Neustar 134 No Yes
.newholland CNH Industrial (New Holland Agriculture, New Holland Construction) 13
.nfl National Football League 13 Yes
.nhk NHK 135 Unknown Yes
.nico Dwango (Niconico) 136 Unknown Yes
.nike Nike 13 Yes
.nikon Nikon 13 Yes
.nissan Nissan 13 Yes
.nissay Nippon Life 13 Yes
.nokia Nokia 13 Yes
.northwesternmutual Northwestern Mutual 13
.norton NortonLifeLock 13 Yes
.nra National Rifle Association of America 137 Unknown Yes
.ntt Nippon Telegraph & Telephone 13 Yes
.obi OBI Group Holding SE & Co. KGaA 13 Yes
.office Microsoft (Office) 13 Yes
.omega Swatch Group (Omega) 13 Yes
.oracle Oracle 13 Yes
.orange Orange 13 Yes
.origins Origins (The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.) Yes
.otsuka Otsuka Pharmaceutical 138 Unknown Yes
.ovh OVH 139 French14 Yes
.panasonic Panasonic 13 Yes
.pccw PCCW 13 Yes
.pfizer Pfizer 13 Yes
.philips Philips 13 Yes
.piaget Piaget 140 Unknown
.pictet Pictet 13 Yes
.ping Ping 13 Yes
.pioneer Pioneer Corporation 13 Yes
.play Google (Google Play) 13 Yes
.playstation Sony (PlayStation) 13 Yes
.pohl Deutsche Vermögensberatung
(founder Reinfried Pohl)		 141 Unknown Yes
.politie Politie Nederland 13 Yes
.praxi Praxi 142 Unknown Yes
.prod Google (products) 143 Unknown Yes
.progressive Progressive Corporation 13 Yes
.pru Prudential Financial 13 Yes
.prudential Prudential Financial 13 Yes
.pwc PwC 144 Unknown Yes
.quest Quest Software 13 Yes
.qvc QVC 13
.redstone Redstone Haute Couture Co 13 Yes
.reliance Reliance Industries 13 Yes
.rexroth Robert Bosch GmbH 13 Yes
.ricoh Ricoh 13 Yes
.ril Reliance Industries 13 Yes
.rmit Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology 13
.rocher Ferrero (Ferrero Rocher) 13
.rogers Rogers Communications 13 Yes
.rwe RWE 13 Yes
.safety Safety Registry Services, LLC. 13 Yes
.sakura Sakura Internet 13 Yes
.samsung Samsung SDS 13 Yes
.sandvik Sandvik 13 Yes
.sandvikcoromant Sandvik Coromant 145 Unknown Yes
.sanofi Sanofi 13 Yes
.sap SAP 146 Yes
.saxo Saxo Bank 13 Yes
.sbi State Bank of India 13 Yes
.sbs Special Broadcasting Service13 Later became a gTLD on 15 June 2021 Yes
.sca Svenska Cellulosa 147 Unknown
.scb Siam Commercial Bank Thai14 Yes
.schaeffler Schaeffler Technologies 13 Yes
.schmidt Schmidt Groupe 148 Unknown Yes
.schwarz Schwarz Gruppe 13 Yes
.scjohnson S. C. Johnson & Son 13
.scor SCOR 13
.seat SEAT 13 Yes
.sener Sener Ingeniería y Sistemas, S.A. 13 Yes
.ses SES 13
.sew SEW Eurodrive 13 Yes
.seven Seven West Media 13 Yes
.sfr SFR 13 Yes
.seek Seek 149 No Yes
.shangrila Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts 13 Yes
.sharp Sharp Corporation 13 Yes
.shaw Shaw Cablesystems G.P. 13 Yes
.shell Shell 13 Yes
.shriram Shriram Capital 13
.sina Sina Corp 13 Yes
.sky Sky Group 13 Yes
.skype Microsoft (Skype) 13 Yes
.smart Smart Communications 13 Yes
.sncf SNCF 13 Yes
.softbank SoftBank 13 Yes
.sohu Sohu 150 Unknown Yes
.sony Sony 13 Yes
.spiegel Der Spiegel 151 Unknown
.stada Stada Arzneimittel 13 Yes
.staples Staples 13 Yes
.star Disney Star 13 Yes
.starhub StarHub 13
.statebank State Bank of India 13 Yes
.statefarm State Farm 13 Yes
.statoil Statoil 13
.stc Saudi Telecom Company 13 Yes
.stcgroup Saudi Telecom Company 13 Yes
.suzuki Suzuki 152 Unknown Yes
.swatch Swatch Group 13 Yes
.swiftcover Swiftcover 13
.symantec Gen Digital 13
.taobao Alibaba Group (Taobao) 13 Yes
.target Target 13 Yes
.tatamotors Tata Motors 13 Yes
.tdk TDK 13 Yes
.telecity TelecityGroup 13
.telefonica Telefónica 13
.temasek Temasek Holdings 13 Yes
.teva Teva Pharmaceuticals 13 Yes
.tiffany Tiffany & Co. 13
.tjx TJX Companies 13 Yes
.toray Toray Industries 13 Yes
.toshiba Toshiba 13 Yes
.total Total 13 Yes
.toyota Toyota 13 Yes
.travelers Travelers TLD, LLC (The Travelers Companies) 13 Yes
.travelersinsurance Travelers TLD, LLC (The Travelers Companies) 13 Yes
.tui TUI 153 Unknown Yes
.tvs T V Sundram Iyengar & Sons Private Limited 13 Yes
.ubs UBS 13 Yes
.unicom China Unicom 13 Yes
.uol Universo Online Delegated to UOL subsidiary UBN Internet.154 Unknown Yes
.ups United Parcel Service 13 Yes
.vanguard Vanguard Group 13 Yes
.verisign VeriSign 13 Yes
.vig Vienna Insurance Group 13 Yes
.viking Viking River Cruises 13 Yes
.virgin Virgin Group 13 Yes
.visa Visa 13 Yes
.vista Vistaprint 13
.vistaprint Vistaprint 13
.vivo Telefônica Brasil 13 Yes
.volkswagen Volkswagen Group of America 13
.volvo Volvo 13 Yes
.walmart Walmart 13 Yes
.walter Sandvik 13 Yes
.weatherchannel IBM (The Weather Company) 13 Yes
.weber Saint-Gobain 13 Yes
.weir Weir Group 13 Yes
.williamhill William Hill 155 Unknown Yes
.windows Microsoft (Windows) 13 Yes
.wme Endeavor 156 Unknown Yes
.wolterskluwer Wolters Kluwer 13 Yes
.woodside Woodside Energy 13 Yes
.wtc World Trade Centers Association 157 Unknown Yes
.xbox Microsoft (Xbox) 13 Yes
.xerox Fuji Xerox 13 Yes
.xfinity Comcast 13
.yahoo Yahoo! 13 Yes
.yamaxun Amazon (Amazon China) 13 Yes
.yandex Yandex 158 Unknown Yes
.yodobashi Yodobashi Camera 13 Yes
.youtube Google (YouTube) 159 Unknown Yes
.zappos Amazon (Zappos) 13 Yes
.zara Inditex (Zara) 13 Yes
.zippo Zippo 13

Internationalized brand top-level domains

DNS name IDN TLD Entity Script Transliteration Comments DNSSEC
xn--jlq480n2rg .亚马逊 Amazon Chinese (Simplified) Yàmǎxùn 160 Yes
xn--cckwcxetd .アマゾン Amazon Katakana amazon 161 Yes
xn--mgba3a3ejt .ارامكو Aramco Services Company Arabic 13
xn--mgbaakc7dvf .اتصالات Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat) Arabic 13
xn--8y0a063a .联通 China United Network Communications Corporation Limited Chinese (Simplified) Liántōng 13
xn--6frz82g .移动 China Mobile Communications Corporation Chinese (Simplified) Yídòng
xn--fiq64b .中信 CITIC Group Chinese zhōngxìn 162 Yes
xn--5su34j936bgsg .香格里拉 Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited Chinese Xiānggélǐlā 13
xn--b4w605ferd .淡马锡 Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited Chinese (Simplified) Dànmǎxī 13
xn--3oq18vl8pn36a .大众汽车 Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd. Chinese (Simplified) Dàzhòngqìchē 13
xn--vermgensberater-ctb .vermögensberater Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft Latin 163 Yes
xn--vermgensberatung-pwb .vermögensberatung Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft Latin 164 Yes
xn--qcka1pmc .グーグル Google Katakana gūguru 165 Yes
xn--flw351e .谷歌 Google Chinese gǔgē 166 Yes
xn--estv75g .工行 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited Chinese Gōngháng 13
xn--w4rs40l .嘉里 Kerry Trading Co. Limited Chinese Jiālǐ 13
xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra .嘉里大酒店 Kerry Trading Co. Limited Chinese Jiālǐdàjiǔdiàn 13
xn--kcrx77d1x4a .飞利浦 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Chinese (Simplified) Fēilìpǔ 13
xn--jlq61u9w7b .诺基亚 Nokia Corporation Chinese (Simplified) Nuòjīyà 13167
xn--fzys8d69uvgm .電訊盈科 PCCW Enterprises Limited Chinese (Traditional) din6 soen3 jing4 fo1 13
xn--cg4bki .삼성 Samsung Hangul samseong 168 Yes

Special-use domains

ICANN/IANA has created some special-use domain names which are meant for technical purposes. ICANN/IANA owns all of the special-use domain names.169

Name Entity Notes IDN
.example Not installed as a domain name, but usable in text as an example.
(example.com, example.net, and example.org are also reserved for this purpose but are active sites.) 		Unknown
.internal Not installed as a domain name, but usable in private and internal networks. Unknown
.invalid Not installed as a domain name, but usable in testing as a domain which wouldn't work. Unknown
.local Local network. Must be used with multicast DNS (mDNS).170 Unknown
.onion Connection to the Tor network. Unknown
.test Meant for testing DNS software. Unknown

Non-IANA domains

Besides the TLDs managed (or at least tracked) by IANA or ICANN, other independent groups have created, or had attempted to create, their own TLDs with varying technical specifications, functions, and outcomes.

Microsoft Windows

Within Microsoft Windows there are some special purpose domain names that partially conflict with publicly assigned ones.

Name Still used Conflicting IANA domain registration Purpose
.ipv6-literal.net YES Registered by an independent 3rd party (as of writing). Microsoft gave up the domain in January 2014.171 In addition Microsoft also never requested it to become an ICANN/IANA owned special-use domain name. A special-use domain primarily for representing IPv6 addresses in UNC paths as ":" is a reserved character in Windows. Usage is not restricted to UNC paths. Compared to ip6.arpa reverse lookup domains it will return an IPv6 address but without generating any DNS queries.

Internet Engineering Task Force proposals for local TLDs

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has submitted several requests for comments on TLDs that could be used to represent local devices and services.

Name RFC Notes
.home.arpa RFC 8375172 A special-use domain for non-unique use in residential home networks.
.internal RFC 6762 Appendix G173 ICANN has registered this top-level domain for private use.174
.intranet The IETF does not recommend use of unregistered top-level domains at all, but should network operators decide to do this, the following top-level domains have been used on private internal networks without the problems caused by trying to reuse ".local" for this purpose.
.private
.corp Mentioned by ICANN for causing a name collision.175
.home
.lan Many routers automatically append ".lan" to local device hostnames, including those that use OpenWrt.

Blockchain-registered

Blockchain-based domains are registered and exchanged using a public blockchain like Ethereum. Oftentimes, these domains serve specific functions such as creating human-readable references to smart contract addresses used in DApps or personal wallet addresses.176 Generally, these non-standard domains are unreachable through the normal DNS resolution process and instead require clients to use some sort of transparent web proxy or gateway to access them

Name Blockchain Notes
.agt Polygon The .agt (agent) TLD is a decentralized top-level domain operating within the Web3 ecosystem, primarily positioned as an identifier for AI agents and autonomous systems.177 The TLD is offered by Web3 domain providers, such as Freename, an ICANN-accredited registrar178 that bridges traditional DNS with blockchain technology. .agt domains can be minted as NFTs across multiple blockchains (Polygon, Solana, BNBChain, BASE, Aurora, Sei, Abstract, Chiliz, and Etherlink), eliminating traditional renewal fees and providing registrants lifetime ownership. Popular .agt domains function as human-readable aliases for AI agents, agentic and tool-calling functions, cryptocurrency wallets, decentralized digital identities, AI agent ID, and addresses for hosting decentralized websites.
N/A Handshake Handshake is both an alternative DNS root zone and a domain name-centric blockchain meant for managing TLDs in a decentralized way which allows virtually any domain to be registered as a TLD by end users. The project intends to be a more resilient and distributed implementation of the global root zone without needing a centralized organization, like ICANN, to manage or operate it. However, it doesn't aim to outright replace the existing root zone, as it reserves all existing TLDs so that a query for wikipedia.org, for example, that is sent to a Handshake node can be redirected to the traditional root.179
.eth Ethereum Domains under the .eth TLD are primarily used as human-readable aliases to Ethereum wallet addresses, rather than IP addresses,180 though some efforts into expanding the use of .eth into the traditional DNS space have been made.
.crypto Ethereum .crypto aims to make cryptocurrency wallet address resolution easier, with the exception that, unlike the other examples mentioned here, the TLD is the product of a for-profit company, Unstoppable Domains, that markets the domain as an alternative DNS root despite being entirely dependent on the traditional root zone.181
.bit Namecoin Namecoin's .bit TLD technically operates as a single-domain DNS root, though has historically peered with the OpenNIC root zone to provide greater accessibility. The popularity and usage of .bit domains is much lower than the other projects mentioned, despite it being the earliest example. This is primarily due to the negative reputation Namecoin has garnered after .bit domains became popular for sharing and distributing illegal or illicit content such as malware, which ultimately prompted OpenNIC to end its peering agreement and stop serving the TLD in its root zone in 2018.182

Alternate roots

In the case of alternative DNS roots, organizations or projects make use of the same mechanisms of the DNS but instead take on the role of ICANN in managing and administering an entirely separate root zone, thus having the ability to create new TLDs independently. However, this doesn't make these domains any less isolated from the rest of the internet, as the ability for clients to resolve them theoretically only requires switching to a recursive DNS resolver that recognizes and serves records underneath the alternate root zone.

Name Root Notes
N/A Handshake The list of registered TLDs on the Handshake blockchain is too large and dynamic to enumerate here.
.bbs .chan .cyb .dyn .geek .gopher .indy .libre .neo .null .o .oss .oz .parody .pirate OpenNIC
.fur FurNIC
.lib .coin .emc .bazar Emercoin
.ku .te .ti .uu .ko .rm New Nations
See also

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. A subsidiary of Minds + Machines Group (formerly Top Level Domain Holdings.)
  2. Operating as Binky Moon, LLC, a shell company subsidiary of Identity Digital
  3. Operated by Charleston Road Registry, Inc., a subsidiary of Google. See [1].
  4. Operating as Dog Beach, LLC, a shell company subsidiary of Identity Digital
Citations

Citations

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  105. IANA — .dnp Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  106. IANA — .dvag Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  107. IANA — .edeka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 10 October 2016.
  108. IANA — .emerck Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  109. IANA — .everbank Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  110. IANA — .firmdale Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  111. IANA — .flsmidth Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  112. "Using the .frogans gTLD". Nic.frogans. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  113. IANA — .gbiz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  114. IANA — .gle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  115. ".globo". Nic.globo. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  116. IANA — .gmail Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  117. IANA — .gmo Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  118. IANA — .gmx Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  119. IANA — Delegation Record for .GOOG. Accessed on line 3 October 2018.
  120. IANA — .google Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  121. ".hsbc". Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  122. IANA — .ibm Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  123. IANA — .kred Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  124. IANA — .lacaixa Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
  125. IANA — .latrobe Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  126. This domain has been delegated to IRI Domain Management, LLC, a subsidiary of Intellectual Reserve, Inc., which is owned and operated by the LDS Church.
  127. IANA — .lds Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  128. "IANA — .leclerc Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  129. "MANGO". Nic.mango. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  130. "Home dotMINI registry operator". Nic.mini. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  131. ".monash - Network Information Centre". Nic.monash. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  132. "New gTLD Program : InitialEvaluation Report : Report Date: 10 May 2013" (PDF). Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  133. IANA — .mormon Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  134. "Neustar Launches New TLD .Neustar". Nic.neustar. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  135. IANA — .nhk Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  136. ".nico - The Brand TLD for Dwango Co., Ltd". Dwango Co., Ltd. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  137. IANA — .nra Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  138. IANA — .otsuka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  139. "The New OVH Code". Nic.ovh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  140. "NIC PIAGET". Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  141. IANA — .pohl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  142. IANA — .praxi Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  143. IANA — .prod Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  144. NIC PwC. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  145. "Site:.SANDVIKCOROMANT - Google Search". Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  146. ".sap - ICANNWiki". icannwiki.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  147. ".sca". Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  148. IANA — .schmidt Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  149. IANA — .seek Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 July 2016.
  150. IANA — .sohu Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  151. IANA — .spiegel Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  152. IANA — .suzuki Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  153. IANA — .tui Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  154. IANA — .uol Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  155. IANA — .williamhill Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  156. IANA — .wme Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  157. IANA — .wtc Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  158. "This is .yandex". Nic.yandex. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  159. IANA — .youtube Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  160. ".亚马逊 Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  161. ".アマゾン Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  162. "Nic.中信". nic.中信. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  163. IANA — .vermögensberater Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  164. IANA — .vermögensberatung Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  165. IANA — .グーグル Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  166. IANA — .谷歌 Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  167. "DNSViz — 诺基亚 Retired 2022-12-06". dnsviz.net. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  168. "WHOIS 서비스란?". Whois.nic. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  169. "Special-use domain names". Iana.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  170. Multicast DNS. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6762. RFC 6762.
  171. "ipv6-literal.net Domain History". who.is. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  172. Pfister, Pierre; Lemon, Ted (May 2018). "RFC: 8375 Special-Use Domain 'home.arpa.'". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  173. Cheshire, Stuart; Krochmal, Marc (February 2013). "RFC: 6762 Multicast DNS Appendix G. Private DNS Namespaces". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  174. "Approved Resolutions | Special Meeting of the ICANN Board | 29 July 2024". ICANN. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  175. "ICANN Name Collision". ICANN Wiki. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  176. Werbach, Kevin (11 December 2018). The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-34978-9.
  177. domains, agt. ".agt - The AI Agent TLD". .agt domains. Retrieved 2 August 2025.
  178. "List of Accredited Registrars". ICANN.org. 1 August 2025. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
  179. "A crypto project to make internet names censorship-proof is now live". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  180. "The Gold Rush Is on for Ethereum Domain Names". Vice.com. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  181. Francisco, Kieren McCarthy in San. "Sucks to be you, ICANN. We can go our own way: Opera to support sites using renegade top-level domain .crypto". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  182. Cimpanu, Catalin. "OpenNIC drops support for .bit domain names after rampant malware abuse". ZDNet. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
External links