| Utian | |
|---|---|
| Miwok–Costanoan, Miwok–Ohlone, Mutsun | |
| Geographic distribution | California |
| Linguistic classification | Yok-Utian ?
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | miwo1274 |
 Pre-contact distribution of Utian languages | |
Utian (also Miwok–Costanoan, Miwok–Ohlone or formerly Mutsun) is a family of Indigenous languages spoken in Northern California, United States. The Miwok and Ohlone peoples both spoke languages of the Utian language family. It has been argued that the Utian languages and Yokuts languages are sub-families of the Yok-Utian language family.123 Utian and Yokutsan have traditionally been considered part of the Penutian language phylum.456
All Utian languages are severely endangered, extinct or revitalizing.
Languages
The Miwok classification below is based on Mithun (1999),7 while the Ohlone classification below is based primarily on Callaghan (2001). Other classifications of Ohlone list Northern Costanoan, Southern Costanoan, and Karkin as single languages, with the following subgroups of each considered as dialects:
- Utian languages
- Miwok
- Eastern Miwok
- †Plains Miwok
- †Bay Miwok (a.k.a. Saclan)
- Sierra Miwok
- †Northern Sierra Miwok (Camanche, Fiddletown, Ione, and West Point dialects)
- Central Sierra Miwok (nearly extinct) (East Central and West Central dialects)
- Southern Sierra Miwok (nearly extinct) (Yosemite, Mariposa, and Southern dialects)
- †Western Miwok
- Coast Miwok (Bodega and Marin dialects)
- Lake Miwok
- Eastern Miwok
- †Ohlone
- Karkin (also known as Carquin)
- Northern Costanoan
- San Francisco Bay Costanoan
- Awaswas (also known as Santa Cruz Costanoan) – There may have been more than one Costanoan language spoken within the proposed Awaswas area, as the small amount of linguistic material attributed to Mission Santa Cruz Costanoans is highly variable.
- Chalon (also known as Cholon, Soledad) – Chalon may be a transitional language between Northern and Southern Costanoan.
- Southern Costanoan
- Miwok
References
References
- Callaghan 1997.
- Callaghan 2001.
- Golla 2007, p. 76-77.
- Goddard 1996, p. 313-319.
- Mithun 1999.
- Shipley 1978, p. 82-85.
- Mithun 1999, p. 535.
Bibliography
- Callaghan, Catherine (1997). "Evidence for Yok-Utian". International Journal of American Linguistics. 63 (1): 18–64. JSTOR 1265864.
- Callaghan, Catherine (2001). "More Evidence for Yok-Utian: A Reanalysis of the Dixon and Kroeber Sets". International Journal of American Linguistics. 67 (3): 313–345. JSTOR 1265989.
- Callaghan, Catherine (2014). Proto-Utian Grammar and Dictionary: with notes on Yokuts. Trends in Linguistics Documentation. Vol. 31. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110276770.
- Goddard, Ives (1996). Goddard, Ives (ed.). "The Classification of the Native Languages of North America". Languages. Handbook of North American Indians. 17. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution: 290–324. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
- Golla, Victor (2007). Jones, Terry L.; Klar, Kathryn A. (eds.). "Linguistic Prehistory". California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. New York: Altamira Press: 71–82. ISBN 978-0-7591-0872-1.
- Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7.
- Shipley, William F. (1978). "Native Languages of California". Handbook of North American Indians. 8.
- (California). William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-004578-9 / 0160045754, pages 80–90.
External links
External links
- Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 Archived 2011-04-30 at the Wayback Machine (map after Kroeber)
- Online books about the Southern Sierra Miwok
- Central Sierra Miwok Dictionary
- Central Sierra Language Preservation Program Archived 2012-11-24 at the Wayback Machine, Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians
- Southern Sierra Miwok Dictionary
- Kroeber, A.L. (1911). "Miwok, Central Sierra Dialect, Southern Sierra Dialect, Southern Coast Dialect". The languages of the coast of California north of San Francisco. Berkeley: The University Press. pp. 278–319.