Unity Temple

Unity Temple
Location of Unity Temple in Chicago metropolitan area Show map of Chicago metropolitan area Unity Temple (Illinois) Show map of Illinois Unity Temple (the United States) Show map of the United States
Coordinates	41°53′17″N 87°47′49″W / 41.888°N 87.797°W / 41.888; -87.797
Location	875 Lake Street Oak Park, Illinois
History
Built	1905–1908
Site notes
Area	0.5 acres (0.20 ha)
Architect	Frank Lloyd Wright
Architectural styles	Prairie style; Modern
Governing body	Private
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Criteria	Cultural: (ii)
Designated	2019 (43rd session)
Part of	The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright
Reference no.	1496-001
Region	North America
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Designated	April 17, 19701
Reference no.	700002401
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Designated	December 30, 19702

Unity Temple is a Unitarian Universalist church building that houses the Unity Temple Unitarian Universalist Congregation at 875 Lake Street in Oak Park, Illinois, United States. The structure, designed by the architect Frank Lloyd Wright in the Prairie style, is cited as an early example of modern architecture.³ The building consists of an auditorium to the north and a church house called Unity House to the south. The two sections, and an entrance pavilion between them, are made of reinforced concrete.

The congregation was formed as the Unity Church of Oak Park in 1871. It originally occupied a Gothic Revival building and went through several pastors in its first two decades. Rodney Johonnot, who became the senior pastor in 1892, began planning a replacement structure in the early 1900s. After the original church burned down in 1905, the board of trustees selected a site on Lake Street and hired Wright to design a new building, Unity Temple. Wright's plans were approved in 1906 after much debate, and construction began on May 15 of that year. After various delays, Unity House opened in September 1907, and the auditorium was finished in October 1908; the church was dedicated on September 26, 1909. Over the years, the temple attracted visitors from around the U.S. and the world. The church was restored in the 1960s, and it gradually underwent further upgrades from the 1970s to the 2000s. Unity Temple was completely refurbished from 2015 to 2017.

The temple is decorated with abstract motifs instead of overtly religious imagery. The facade is made of Portland cement, which has been washed away to expose the gravel underneath; there are recessed clerestory windows near the top. Unlike contemporary churches, Unity Temple was designed without a spire; instead, the roof consists of multiple flat, overhanging concrete slabs. The auditorium is shaped like a Greek cross, with stair towers at each corner. It has two levels of seating surrounding a central pulpit, in addition to clerestories and skylights. Unity House has skylights and two balconies.

Unity Temple has received extensive architectural commentary over the years, and it has been the subject of many media works, including books and museum exhibits. Its design is credited with having helped inspire multiple architects. Unity Temple is designated as a National Historic Landmark and is part of The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, a World Heritage Site.

Eleven members of the Union Church—a liberal Protestant congregation in Oak Park, a village in the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois—met on January 25, 1871, to discuss the formation of a new congregation.⁴⁵ E. W. Hoard hosted a meeting to raise money for a church building,⁶⁷ collecting more than $5,000.^57I Unity Church of Oak Park, a non-denominational church, was formed that March.⁵⁷ The congregation acquired land at the southwest corner of Wisconsin Avenue (later Pleasant Street) and Marion Street, south of the Union Pacific West railroad line, from Milton C. Niles.⁷ The treasurer, Edwin O. Gale, provided $5,600, or nearly half of the $13,689 cost.^8II It is unknown who designed the original church, which was built in the Gothic Revival style.⁸⁹ The original church was a 40-by-80-foot (12 by 24 m) rectangle topped by a 125-foot (38 m) spire.⁹¹⁰ Inside was a ground-level parish hall with an auditorium above it;⁹¹¹ a Chicago Tribune article from 1872 described the church as having a stone foundation and wood frame.¹⁰ Within the auditorium was a raised pulpit and rows of seats bisected by a central aisle.⁹

Work on the new church began in early 1871, and the basement was finished later that year.⁵ A consecration ceremony was held on August 11, 1872.⁸¹⁰ In its early years, the congregation was composed of Universalists and Unitarians.¹² As such, the church went through several pastors in its first decade. In 1882, some of the congregation's Universalist members formed a sub-congregation affiliated with the Universalist Church of America; the congregation at large remained unaffiliated with any denomination.¹²¹³ After going through six pastors in fifteen years,¹³ the church selected Augusta Jane Chapin as its pastor in 1886.¹²¹⁴ During Chapin's tenure, Anna Jones Wright, the mother of the architect Frank Lloyd Wright, joined the congregation.⁹¹⁵

Chapin left the congregation in December 1891,¹³ and Rodney Johonnot became the senior pastor the next year.¹⁶ During Johonnot's first four years, the congregation grew to 225 members.¹⁷ A church organ was installed in 1897.⁹¹³ The congregation had decided to build a new structure by March 1901, when members voted to establish a fund for the construction of a new temple.¹⁸¹⁹ Johonnot felt that the existing building could not accommodate all of the congregation's activities.¹⁹ The congregation hired H. P. Harned to design a new structure on the existing site, south of the railroad tracks.²⁰ By then, numerous churches were being built in Oak Park,¹⁸ and many of the newer churches were being built on Lake Street, north of the tracks.²¹ In December 1904, the board of trustees again asked the congregation for donations for a new temple.²² Following a meeting in May 1905,²³ a committee was appointed to discuss plans for the new building.²⁴

The original Unity Church was destroyed on June 4, 1905, when a lightning strike started a blaze;²⁵²⁶ firefighters were unable to extinguish the flames because of low water pressure.¹³²⁴ The fire caused about $20,000 in damage^26III and destroyed everything except for the piano, chairs, paintings, dishes, and utensils.²⁷ Within one week, the congregation had appointed four committees to oversee fundraising, site selection, design, and construction.²⁸²⁹ In the meantime, the congregation temporarily met at Nakama Hall.¹³³⁰ The nearby First Baptist Church also hosted some of the congregation's events.¹³

Initially, it was estimated that the new building would cost $50,000.^31IV The fundraising committee requested donations from various sources,³² while the site selection committee recommended that the new temple be built "in some place more central".²⁸ At the time, two-thirds of the congregation lived south of Lake Street, and congregants favored a site near that street; only one person preferred to keep the existing site.³³ The committee considered several locations throughout the village.³³³⁴ Two of these sites were located at the intersection of Lake Street and Kenilworth Avenue: a private house on the southwestern corner, and a vacant lot owned by Gale on the southeastern corner.³⁴ In early August 1905, the congregation paid Gale $10,000³⁴³⁵ or $11,000.^29V The tract measured 150 feet (46 m) along Kenilworth Avenue and either 100 feet (30 m)³⁴ or 105 feet (32 m) along Lake Street.³⁵ The site complemented the nearby First Presbyterian and Grace Episcopal churches slightly to the west.³⁴³⁰

When the site was selected, the congregation had raised $30,000 toward the new building,^30VI and they began searching for an architect shortly afterward.³⁶ On August 30, the planning committee met with nine architects, selecting four finalists: Frank Lloyd Wright, Dwight H. Perkins, William Augustus Otis, and Normand Smith Patton.³⁷ At their September meeting, Unity Church's board of trustees voted to allow the planning committee to select an architect.³⁸ This person was to draw up plans for an edifice costing no more than $30,000.^3839VII

Wright had been selected by mid-September.⁴⁰⁴¹⁴² The engineer Charles E. Roberts, who led the church's building committee, had influenced the church's decision to select Wright.⁴⁰⁴³ According to Wright, the board had considered hosting an architectural design competition (which he would have refused to join),⁴³⁴⁴ but the historian Joseph Siry writes that there is no evidence that the board ever considered such a competition.⁴⁵ Construction News reported that the temple would cost $35,000 and would be a one-story, brick-and-stone edifice.^4246VIII Though Wright may have considered using brick, this was never recorded in his plans.⁴⁶⁴⁷ Wright instead proposed using concrete to save money,⁴⁶⁴⁸⁴⁹ since, at the time, the church had only $45,000 on hand.^114650IX The temple was the first public building that Wright designed by himself.⁵¹

The trustees mandated that the new house of worship include a sanctuary for worship, a meeting room for secular events, and a classroom for the Sunday school.³⁹⁵² Furthermore, as Lake Street was a major street, Wright had to design a monumental building that would also fit the church's budget.⁴³ Many of the original drawings have been lost or destroyed,¹¹ but Wright extensively documented his thought process in his autobiography.¹¹⁵³ Wright wrote that Johonnot had wanted a Mission-style building,⁵⁴ and he avoided traditional church architecture, instead proposing to the planning committee a "temple to man ... in which to study man himself for his God's sake".⁵⁵⁵⁶ In the early plans, the temple's northern wall was aligned with the house to the east (which was set back 40 feet (12 m) from Lake Street), and the north–south axis was aligned with the house to the south.⁵² Wright created physical drawings only after extensively refining the plans mentally.⁵⁷⁵⁸ He also produced a plaster model of the temple, which he presented to the planning committee.¹¹⁵⁹

The entrance to the main sanctuary, known as the auditorium, was intentionally positioned away from the streetcar lines on Lake Street.⁵²⁶⁰⁶¹ Wright did not want to put the meeting room and Sunday school in the auditorium, as he felt that it would "spoil the simplicity of the room".⁶⁰⁶² Accordingly, these rooms were instead placed in a separate church house called Unity House,⁵²⁶⁰⁶² which was linked to the auditorium by a central entrance hall.⁵²⁶³ Having decided upon the site layout, Wright next designed the cube-shaped auditorium.⁶⁴ Some preliminary drawings for the auditorium still exist. These include Scheme A, which called for 388 seats facing a pulpit on the south wall, and the rejected Scheme B, which called for 478 seats facing the north wall.⁶⁵

In December 1905, the planning committee received Wright's plans and recommended that the board of trustees approve them.³⁹⁴¹ The same month, Gale gave the congregation a 20-foot-wide (6.1 m) strip of land on Kenilworth Avenue.⁶⁶ By the beginning of 1906, the site of the original building had been sold for $6,500.^67X The congregation decided to proceed with construction, even though it had received only one bid for the general contract, which exceeded the church's budget by $8–10 thousand.^6768XI Thomas Skillin, who led the board of trustees, reported that the temple was to cost $40,000 but that there was only $31,000 available.^6970XII The trustees considered modifying the plans, splitting work into two phases, or borrowing money.⁶⁹ Wright offered to reduce the cost to $35,000^XIII by revising the plans and deferring installation of the furnishings.⁷¹⁷²

Skillin objected that the auditorium was too small and dark.⁷³⁷⁴ At its meeting on January 18, 1906, the board asked Skillin and Johonnot to discuss possible modifications with Wright.⁷⁴ Subsequently, Wright revised the auditorium's design,⁷⁵ and he invited 75 members of the congregation to see the drawings and models for Unity Temple at his studio.⁷¹⁷⁶ The board approved Wright's revisions on February 7,¹¹⁷⁵ on the condition that no more than $36,200 be spent.^75XIV Details of the design were reported in the local media on February 24,⁷⁷ and a brochure describing the final plan was published on March 4.⁷⁸ Wright's assistant Charles E. White Jr. said the planning process had been marked by "endless fighting".⁷⁹⁸⁰ Wright continued refining the design details even after the final plans were accepted and (in some cases) partially completed.⁸¹ Despite initial objections to Wright's design, Oak Park residents eventually came to like it.⁷⁶

It took weeks to find a general contractor.⁸² Most of the bids that church officials did receive were significantly over budget, probably because of the unconventional nature of the concrete design,⁸³ which drove many contractors away.⁵⁰ Contractors found it difficult to decipher Wright's plans, which did not resemble standard blueprints.⁸³ Paul Mueller, who had previously built Wright's E-Z Polish Factory and Larkin Administration Building,⁸⁴ was ultimately selected as the contractor.⁸⁵⁸⁶ Wright and Mueller began discussing the temple in January 1906,⁸³ and Mueller was hired that April, having submitted a low bid of $32,221.^85XV The trustees agreed to pay Mueller $32,661 as long as Mueller paid a $15,000 bond, which would be refunded if the temple was completed on time.^87XVI The board also approved a $1,243.23 builder's fee for Wright.^88XVII A groundbreaking ceremony took place on May 15, 1906.⁸⁹⁹⁰ One of Wright's draftsmen, Isabel Roberts, acted as a liaison to church officials, while Arthur Tobin coordinated the construction schedules.⁹¹

The first part of the temple to be constructed was Unity House.⁹² Work on the foundation progressed slowly, and the building committee had to allocate another $645.60 for the foundations due to cost overruns.^93XVIII Mueller was also busy with other projects across the United States, which further delayed the temple's construction.⁹³ The contractors acquired large amounts of wood to create the formwork, into which the temple's concrete slabs were to be poured.⁹⁴ The wooden forms were constructed to uniform dimensions of 12 by 3.5 feet (3.7 m × 1.1 m), allowing them to be reused;⁹⁴⁹⁵⁹⁶ each timber form was made of several 2-by-4 boards.⁹⁷⁹⁸ Rectangular blocks of wood were used to cast the facade's 12-foot-tall (3.7 m) concrete columns, which had to be cast in multiple pieces because they were too large.⁹⁸⁹⁹ The various pieces of each column were bound together using grout.¹⁰⁰

Wright contemplated embedding red granite or another material into the outer walls.¹⁰¹¹⁰² Twenty samples of concrete, embedded with red granite or gravel, were presented to the board of trustees for review.¹⁰³ Church officials decided not to use red granite due to the expense involved;¹⁰² instead, they agreed to apply an acidic solution to roughen the facade.¹⁰⁴ The concrete walls were poured at a rate of no more than 18 inches (460 mm) every 24 hours.⁹³¹⁰⁵ The walls were constructed one by one, and the wooden forms had to be disassembled and rebuilt after each wall was completed, which caused further delays.¹⁰⁶ In addition, concrete could not be poured during the wintertime.⁸⁹ Foster & Glidden Co. were hired in September 1906 to install the electrical, plumbing, and heating and ventilation systems.¹⁰⁷ Although Mueller's contract mandated that the temple be completed by November 1906,⁹⁰ the exterior was not nearly finished at that time.⁹²¹⁰⁷ This prompted Edwin Ehrman, the building committee's leader, to complain to Mueller.⁹²¹⁰⁸ Furthermore, Wright frequently modified the plans while construction was underway, then tried to force the trustees to pay for the increased costs, to which they refused.¹⁰⁹ Mueller, who did not reject Wright's changes, lost money as a result¹⁰⁹ and eventually went bankrupt.¹¹⁰¹¹¹

The heating system was installed in February 1907.¹¹² Amid increasing expenses and decreasing revenue, the congregation's general fund had dwindled to $11.31 by March,^XIX and many former members had departed.¹¹² Oak Leaves wrote that "the finances were in good condition", despite a shortfall in the construction fund.¹¹³ By then, Wright wrote that Unity House would be finished in May and the auditorium in September.¹¹⁴ The eastern wall and parts of the auditorium's stair towers had been completed by May, but the roofs had not been constructed.¹¹⁵ Church officials had resorted to borrowing money, despite a concerted attempt to obtain donations and other fees from the congregation.¹¹⁶ Unity House began hosting services on September 15, 1907,¹¹⁷ and the church's Ladies Social Union purchased some furniture the same week.¹¹⁸ The auditorium's roof had been completed, but the terraces and entrance pavilion were still under construction,¹¹⁹ and landscaping work was still ongoing.¹²⁰ Congregants had to enter Unity House through the back door.¹²¹

Wright and the contractors continued to fine-tune the building's heating system,¹²⁰ and the contractors submitted invoices for their work, which the congregation could not afford to pay.¹²² The project was paused in late 1907,¹²³¹²⁴ and Ehrman requested that Wright provide a timetable for Unity Temple's completion, which the architect did in January 1908.¹²⁵ That February, Wright invited artists and musicians to attend a "Symposium of Art" at Unity House.¹²⁶ Wright wrote to the congregation the next month, requesting that Mueller be paid $11,000.^123XX Congregants pledged $5,771 for the building's completion at their annual meeting the same month,^127XXI which allowed the trustees to finally reimburse Mueller.¹²⁷¹²³ The plasterwork was completed in July 1908,¹⁰⁵ after the board of trustees had threatened to fire Mueller over his failure to finish the plastering.¹²⁸ The temple's mechanical contractor Foster & Glidden were completing the building's electrical systems by August,¹²⁹ and the pews were under construction by that September.¹²³¹³⁰ All of the art glass had also been installed by then.¹³¹

The auditorium's opening, scheduled for October 11, 1908, was postponed due to delays in manufacturing the pews.¹³⁰ The auditorium hosted its first service on October 25, 1908,¹¹⁰¹³² though Wright did not attend.⁷³¹³³ The building could not be formally dedicated because the organ had not been installed;¹³² church officials had received bids from a dozen organ manufacturers, many of whom were discouraged by Wright's abstruse drawings.¹³⁴ The church did not hire a manufacturer until September 1908, when officials paid Coburn & Taylor $3,500 to install an organ in two months.^135XXII The heating system was also ineffective, and the boiler burst shortly after the auditorium opened,¹³⁶ forcing the congregation to vacate the auditorium until February 1909.¹³⁷

Construction issues notwithstanding, congregants quickly came to like the new temple.¹³³ By 1909, the congregation's membership consisted of more than 140 families.¹²¹¹³⁸ During that year, church officials largely resolved their remaining disputes with contractors, and the decorations inside were finished.¹³⁹ Johonnot resigned that June, expressing frustration that he had received little encouragement from the congregation during his tenure.¹⁴⁰¹⁴¹ Church members refused to accept his resignation,¹⁴²¹⁴³ as he was still popular among members of the congregation.¹⁴³¹⁴⁴ Johonnot ultimately agreed to remain Unity Church's pastor for one more year.¹⁴⁵ The temple was officially dedicated on September 26, 1909,¹¹¹⁴⁶ and the congregation published a brochure for the occasion.¹⁴⁷ The temple had cost $60,344.55, and the congregation borrowed some $14,500 to pay for the cost overruns.^148XXIII Members pledged two-thirds, or nearly $32,200, of the remaining cost,^XXIV though it took them several years to raise funds for construction.¹⁴⁸

After Unity Temple opened, the building's architecture attracted visitors from across the U.S.¹³³¹⁴⁹ Johonnot ultimately resigned at the end of June 1910.¹⁴³¹⁴⁵ The next pastor, S. G. Dunham, served until early 1913.¹⁵⁰ William J. Taylor became Unity Temple's pastor in November 1913¹⁵¹ and began giving sermons there the next month.¹⁵² During Taylor's tenure, the congregation paid back its remaining debt of $6,000,^XXV and Gale donated a parsonage.¹⁵³ Taylor resigned in 1919 to become the pastor of First Universalist Church in Wausau, Wisconsin,¹⁵³¹⁵⁴ and he was succeeded by James W. Vallentyne.¹⁵⁵ The congregation celebrated the 50th anniversary of its founding with a weeklong party in early 1921.¹⁵⁶ Vallentyne resigned as Unity Church's pastor in 1924,¹⁵⁵ though he remained in Oak Park for several months.¹⁵⁷ D. T. Denman, who had served various congregations in Oak Park for two decades,¹⁵⁸ merged the congregation of his Community Center with that of Unity Church in 1925, becoming the combined congregation's pastor.¹⁵⁹

Denman served until 1932¹⁵⁸ and was replaced that year with Frank D. Adams.¹⁶⁰ In 1935, the congregation of the Church of the Redeemer in Chicago also merged with Unity Church's congregation.¹⁵⁹¹⁶¹ The congregation had 200 members by the mid-1940s, who met every Sunday from September to June; by then, the church was called the Unity Universalist Church.¹⁶² John Q. Parkhurst was elected as the church's pastor in early 1945,¹⁶³ just after Adams resigned.¹⁶⁴ The next year, Unity House was lent to a local youth club, and its interior was redecorated to resemble a ship's lounge;¹⁶⁵ the club operated there for three months.¹⁶⁶ At the time, the congregation's membership included many of Oak Park's longtime families, in addition to congregants from neighboring towns and villages.¹⁵⁹ Forest Leaves reported that the building was depicted in a wide range of architectural publications and that it attracted visitors from around the world,¹⁶⁷ though local residents largely ignored it.¹⁶⁸

Parkhurst left the congregation in 1952, and Robert M. Rice became the church's new minister.¹⁶⁹ By then, the congregation had 325 members who met every Sunday except in August, and the church's youth fellowship met every other Sunday.¹⁷⁰ The church was known simply as the Universalist Church by the late 1950s.¹⁷¹ The temple also hosted visiting architects, including Wright himself, as well as several groups of students each year.⁶¹ Rice left the building largely intact during his tenure, converting Unity House's two balconies to classrooms and adding a chapel for children.⁴³ In addition, in 1959, workers filled in cracks and covered up exposed rods, and they applied a stucco-like paste to the exterior.¹⁷²

By the 1960s, the concrete had begun to spall and leak; the congregation ruled out the idea of using stucco to patch the facade, and there were discussions about potentially demolishing the temple.¹⁷³ Instead, Wright's son-in-law William Wesley Peters, a principal in Taliesin Associated Architects, oversaw a restoration of the building,¹⁷³¹⁷⁴ which was completed in 1961 for $22,000.^173175XXVI Workers patched the cracks by sandblasting the concrete, placing a cement aggregate into the cracks, and applying another mixture to wear away the facade's topmost layer.¹⁷⁵ A sealant was then applied onto the facade,¹⁷³¹⁷⁵ and the building was repainted in its original color scheme.¹⁷⁴¹⁷⁵ The temple was rededicated in 1962. By then, the congregation had a religious school and a youth club, in addition to its typical Sunday services.¹⁷⁶ The building still attracted international visitors,¹⁷⁶¹⁷⁷ while the congregation had become known as the Unitarian Universalist Church.⁵⁰¹⁷⁸

John Michiels renovated the temple's lower level in 1966 for $20,000,^XXVII though these modifications did not follow Wright's original design.¹⁷² The work involved refurbishing a bathroom and three classrooms.¹⁷²¹⁷⁹ Church officials formed a committee in 1967 to raise funds for a further renovation of Unity Temple.¹⁸⁰ That May, the congregation decided to open the temple for public tours five days a week¹⁸¹ to raise money for the renovations.¹⁸⁰¹⁸¹ It cost $1,000 to launch the tour program,^XXVIII which did not make a net profit until its second year. The skylights were subsequently replaced in 1968; since the tours had not raised sufficient funds, the women's auxiliary at Unity Temple helped fund part of the project.¹⁷² The next year, the Edgar J. Kaufmann Foundation pledged $75,000 in matching funds toward the temple's renovation^{172179182XXIX} after Edgar Kaufmann Jr., a former Wright acolyte, heard about the initiative.¹⁷²¹⁸³ Bill Fyfe and Michiels jointly designed a restoration plan.¹⁸³ According to Michiels, the wiring, doors, stairs, windows, and sidewalks needed repairs the most urgently.¹⁸²

By 1970, the church had raised $25,000 from tours, subscriptions, and donations.^183XXX The restoration also received funds from the congregation itself, the National Park Service, four anonymous donors, and Alden B. Dow, in addition to tour revenue and insurance payments.¹⁷² After Rice retired in 1970,¹⁸⁴ he was replaced by Gerald Krick the following March.¹⁸⁴ In addition, a committee was formed to oversee the restoration,¹⁷⁹ which was prioritized after a fire had damaged Unity House in January 1971.¹⁷⁹¹⁸⁵ A local firm, Sturr-Young Associates, was hired to repaint the auditorium in its original colors, restore the skylights, and redecorate the interior, while Frank's son Lloyd Wright was retained as a consultant.¹⁸⁵ The congregation was unable to raise the funds for the temple's upkeep by itself.¹⁸⁶¹⁸⁷ As such, congregants directed the board of trustees to establish a foundation to oversee the temple's restoration in December 1972.¹⁸⁸ The Unity Temple Restoration Corporation was formed the next year¹⁸⁹ as a secular entity, separate from the congregation.¹⁹⁰¹⁸⁷ The restoration group raised $500 per month from small donors and tour revenue,^XXXI and it received additional funding from large donors, the federal and local governments, and the congregation.¹⁹¹

A restoration of the facade commenced in 1973¹⁹²¹⁹³ and ultimately cost $200,000.^194XXXII Workers removed the cladding that had been added in the 1960s,¹⁹² and they sprayed shotcrete, a type of concrete, onto the facade.¹⁹⁵¹⁹² The interior was also repainted and partially rewired.¹⁸⁰ That year, the Kaufmann Foundation increased their grant to $250,000,^XXXIII at which point the church had raised $230,000.^191196XXXIV The temple could also receive federal restoration funds because it was on the National Register of Historic Places, so the Illinois Department of Conservation requested $114,850 for interior restoration in late 1973.^197XXXV The temple began hosting concerts later that year,¹⁹⁸ and it launched a concert series that helped raise money for the renovation.¹⁹⁹²⁰⁰ To raise further money, the church sponsored field trips to Taliesin, Wright's studio in Wisconsin.¹⁸⁰²⁰¹ By 1975, church officials had spent more than $250,000 over the preceding eight years, but the project needed at least another $250,000.^189202XXXVI In addition, the Restoration Foundation had gone into debt.¹⁸⁹

The Restoration Foundation had nearly matched the Kaufmann grant by 1976,¹⁸⁰ and it wanted to create a $500,000 financial endowment for Unity Temple's continued upkeep.¹⁹⁰ The Kaufmann Foundation offered a grant to establish the restoration fund in April 1978, provided that the Restoration Foundation raised $50,000 in eight weeks.¹⁹⁰²⁰³ The next year, the Kaufmann Foundation offered another $50,000 matching grant.^187204XXXVII Work on the foyer's renovation began in May 1979¹⁸⁷²⁰⁴ and was nearly completed by the end of the year.²⁰⁵ The foyer was restored to its original appearance, and later modifications, such as ceiling tiles and shelves, were removed.²⁰⁶ The Restoration Foundation also planned to repair the leaky roof,²⁰⁵ a project that ultimately cost $85,000.^194XXXVIII A company from Washington, D.C., was hired to determine the original paint colors.²⁰⁴

Charles Scot Giles became Unity Temple's pastor in 1981 following a year-long search.²⁰⁷ The next year, the Restoration Foundation established a subcommittee to organize events at the temple.²⁰⁸ By then, the temple received 10,000 to 15,000 annual visitors, and the Restoration Foundation was planning to spend $500,000 on the interior.^194XXXIX The auditorium was subsequently repainted gray, green-gray, yellow, and ivory, and magnesite carpets were added.²⁰⁹ This work was completed in 1984, coinciding with the 75th anniversary of the temple's dedication.²¹⁰²⁰⁹ The temple received a $20,000 matching grant from Domino's cofounder Thomas Monaghan in 1987,^211XL which was to be used to restore the temple's skylights.²¹² By then, the predicted cost of the renovation had increased to $750,000.^212XLI In addition, the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois and the congregation signed an agreement to preserve the temple in January 1988.²¹³²¹⁴ The council received a preservation easement that limited changes to the temple.²¹⁵ The auditorium's skylights were repaired that year,²¹⁴ and a firm from Wisconsin restored the panels and replaced 40% of the glass.²¹⁶

Despite large donations from Kaufmann, Domino's, and Steelcase, officials at the Restoration Foundation reported decreasing revenue in the 1980s.²¹⁷ Foundation officials commissioned a report in 1989, which found that the roof was in very poor condition; foundation officials estimated that the roof would cost $280,000 to repair.^218219XLII Though the foundation wanted to dismantle part of the roof for inspection, congregation members disputed the report's findings²¹⁹ and considered severing their relationship with the foundation.²¹⁸ Ultimately, the congregation decided to continue working with the foundation, and it ordered additional inspections of the roof.²²⁰ During the 1990s, the temple continued to host tours for a fee,²²¹ along with services every Sunday.²²² Shirley Ann Ranck was named as Unity Temple's interim minister in 1991, becoming the first woman to lead the congregation in a century.²²³ F. Jay Deacon became the permanent minister of the congregation in 1993,²²⁴ and the clerestory windows were repaired that year.²²⁵

The congregation merged with the Beacon Unitarian Church in 1994, becoming the Unity Temple Unitarian Universalist Congregation.²²⁶ That year, the Restoration Foundation established a volunteer program to raise further money;²²⁷ it sought to raise $600,000 over seven years.^217XLIII The temple started hosting avant-garde music concerts in 1996 to raise more money.²²⁸²²⁹ The Oak Park village government allocated $32,500 in 1999 for a study of the temple's exterior.^XLIV By then, $1.5 million had been spent on restoration.²³⁰ Simultaneously, the Restoration Foundation was raising $1.5 million in advance of the temple's centennial.^230XLV Unlike other state governments, Illinois did not provide historic-preservation loans at the time,²³¹ although it subsequently began distributing such loans.²³² State representative Angelo Saviano negotiated to secure state funding for Unity Temple after seeing the poor condition of the exterior.²³³

Unity Temple still had serious mechanical and structural issues in the 21st century.²³⁴²³⁵ The building had no air-conditioning system, leading to significant temperature fluctuations;²³⁵ the temperature sometimes reached 125 °F (52 °C) during the summer.²³⁶ The temple's roof sagged significantly, while the interiors were damaged by carbon-dioxide buildups and humidity.²³⁷²³⁴ The art glass, which had cracked due to repeated freezing and thawing over the years, needed to be repaired.²³⁸ The concrete facade had become cracked and spalled,²³⁴²³⁵ and condensation had built up within the walls, causing it to rain inside.²³⁶ There were also leaks from the drains inside the building.¹⁹³ Workers began removing concrete samples from the facade in January 2000 in preparation for a wider-ranging renovation.²³⁹ After the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois labeled the building among Illinois's most endangered structures that March,²⁴⁰²⁴¹ the state government gave Unity Temple $1 million for restoration.²⁴²²⁴¹

By late 2000, workers were about to restore the concrete.²⁴³ This work was part of a larger, three-phase project²³⁴²⁴⁴ which would cost up to $5 million.²⁴⁵ Holes were cut into the facade, and the underlying rebar was replaced.²⁴⁶ Fern C. Stanley was appointed as interim pastor in August 2002.²⁴⁷ After her death in May 2003,²⁴⁷²⁴⁸ Alan Taylor became Unity Temple's pastor the same year.²⁴⁹ At that point, there were 359 congregants,²⁴⁹ though Taylor helped double the congregation's size during his 18-year tenure.²⁵⁰ The Landmarks Preservation Council provided $100,000 for a geothermal heating upgrade in 2004,²⁵¹²⁵² which was part of the first phase of a $12–15 million renovation.^252253254 The Restoration Foundation planned to patch the concrete²⁵³ and add a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system.²⁵¹²⁵⁵ The third and final phase would entail restoration of the interior.²⁵³²⁵⁵ Gunny Harboe, a restoration architect based in nearby Chicago, was hired to design a restoration of the temple.²³² A test well for the heating system was installed in late 2005.²³⁸²⁵³ The congregation continued to host tours,²³⁵ and it sold off furniture and furnishings to raise money.²⁵⁶²⁵⁷

By the mid-2000s, the temple attracted 25–30 thousand annual visitors, many of them from outside the U.S.²⁵⁸ Because parts of the temple were still being used as offices and classrooms, they could not be renovated until the congregation obtained additional space.²⁵⁹ Part of the ceiling collapsed around 2008;²⁶⁰ the water damage was attributed to the lack of expansion joints and a flat roof.²⁶¹ A huge piece of the left wall had cracked open,²⁶⁰ and there were cracks in the facade and leaks throughout the building.²⁶² Unity Temple received a $200,000 matching funds grant in December 2008 through the Save America's Treasures program,²⁶²²⁶³ contingent on the congregation raising an equivalent amount for the temple's restoration.²⁶¹ The next year, the National Trust for Historic Preservation added Unity Temple to its America's Most Endangered Places list,²⁶¹²⁶⁴ and the temple received more than $82,000 for visitor services such as tours and brochures.²⁶⁵ By then, the renovation was scheduled to cost $20–25 million,²⁶⁶²⁶⁷ and the Restoration Foundation hoped to raise more money for restoration if the building were designated as a World Heritage Site.²⁶⁸

Most of the letters from the sign above Unity Temple's main entrance were stolen in 2010, shortly after the roof was replaced for $500,000.²⁶⁹ After the congregation raised $3,000 to replace the letters,²⁷⁰ a local preservation firm installed a new sign above the entrance.²⁷¹ The Alphawood Foundation pledged $10 million toward the temple's restoration in 2013.²⁷²²⁷³ The congregation also considered transferring ownership of the temple to Alphawood so that organization could help maintain the building.²⁷³²⁷⁴ By early 2015, the Restoration Foundation had about $11.5 million²⁷⁵ or $12.5 million on hand.²⁷⁶ Restorers drew up detailed plans to repaint the building, restore the original architectural features, and repair mechanical systems; the plans needed approval from three agencies before renovations could start.²⁷⁵

A full restoration began in 2015,²⁶⁰²⁷⁷ at which point the project was to cost $23 million²⁶⁰ or $25 million.²⁷⁷ The congregation relocated that June;²⁶⁰²⁷⁷ services were hosted in the nearby United Lutheran Church, while church officials also used an administrative office on South Boulevard and another office nearby.²⁷⁶ The first phase of the project involved replacing the skylights, roof, and shotcrete facade. A second phase included the geothermal and HVAC system, new art glass, and new light fixtures.²⁷⁷ The windows were restored in California, and new electric wiring, glass, and wood finishes were added.²⁷⁸ The project was supposed to be completed in late 2016²⁷⁵ but was postponed by several months because of restorers' focus on architectural details.²⁷⁹ The congregation bought the nearby Oak Park Billiards building on South Boulevard in 2016, which was also renovated.²⁷⁹²⁸⁰

Following a preview event in May 2017 to mark the renovation's completion,¹⁹⁵²⁷⁸ the temple formally reopened on June 17, 2017,²⁸¹ and tours resumed that July.²⁸²²⁸³ About half of the construction cost had been raised at the time.²⁸⁴ After a developer proposed a 28-story tower nearby in 2018, the church's board of trustees expressed concerns that the tower would cast shadows on the temple;²⁸⁵ the tower was eventually canceled.²⁸⁶ Alan Taylor resigned as Unity Temple's senior minister in 2021.²⁸⁷ Roger Bertschausen became the senior minister in 2023,²⁸⁸ and the Unity Temple Restoration Foundation was dissolved that year.²⁸⁹

Unity Temple is located at 875 Lake Street in Oak Park, Illinois, United States.²⁹⁰ Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in the Prairie style,²⁹¹ the structure is T-shaped in plan, measuring 142 feet (43 m)²⁹² or 144 feet (44 m) long from north to south.⁹⁰⁸⁸ On the same city block to the east is Scoville Square. The Calvary Memorial Church is nearby to the west, across Kenilworth Avenue, while the Oak Park Public Library and Scoville Park are directly to the north, across Lake Street. In addition, the Oak Park station of the Chicago "L"'s Green Line is two blocks to the southeast.²⁹³

Unity Temple is one of 24⁵¹²⁹⁴ or 25 buildings that Wright designed in Oak Park,²⁹⁵ as well as Wright's only significant remaining Prairie-style structure that was designed as a public building.²³⁵ Wright used abstract motifs instead of overtly religious imagery,²²²²⁹⁶ and he described the building as a "temple" because its simple motifs resembled those of old temples.²⁹⁷ Unity Temple is arranged around a grid of cubic "units" measuring 6+5⁄6 feet (2.1 m) on each side.²⁹⁸ The building is made of four types of concrete,²³⁷ which were poured in place¹⁶⁸²⁹⁹ and used because of the material's low cost.⁴⁸⁴⁹ Concrete and crushed limestone are used in the 3-foot-thick (0.91 m) foundation walls at the perimeter of the building, as well as underneath the columns.⁹⁷ Interior and exterior walls are made of a concrete-and-gravel aggregate with embedded steel rods.¹⁰⁴ The Temple Art Glass Company manufactured Unity Temple's multicolored art glass panes, which are bound together by strips of zinc.³⁰⁰

Several elements of the design are shared with the now-demolished Larkin Building, which was completed shortly before Unity Temple was.⁹⁶²⁹⁶ For example, both structures included two rectangular spaces linked by an entrance pavilion,⁹⁶³⁰¹ a layout also used in Wright's Oak Park studio.³⁰² The Larkin Building and Unity Temple were both centered on a large communal room;³⁰³ in both structures, visitors had to make several turns to access the room, and there were balconies around the space itself.³⁰¹ Other decorative elements, such as contrasting vertical and horizontal lines, were also visible in both structures.³⁰¹ However, the two buildings also differed in key respects, such as their functions and shapes.³⁰⁴³⁰⁵ Unity Temple also bears similarities to the Prairie style houses that Wright designed in Chicagoland;³⁰⁶ for instance, both Unity Temple and Wright's Prairie-style houses have windows with geometric patterns.³⁰⁷

The temple is composed of two main structures—the auditorium to the north and Unity House to the south—connected by a low, central entrance hall.⁵²⁵⁶⁹⁶ The arrangement allowed religious and secular activities to be kept separate.⁵²²⁹⁹ The exterior of the auditorium section is a square measuring 64 feet (20 m) across and 47 feet (14 m) high, while Unity House measures about 90 by 50 feet (27 by 15 m) across.^292308c The two-story entrance building measures 30 by 24 feet (9.1 by 7.3 m) across.²⁹² The facade is recessed 3 feet (0.91 m) from the southern edge of the site, 18 feet (5.5 m) from the western and eastern edges, and 23 feet (7.0 m) from the northern edge.⁹⁰⁸⁸

The facade uses Portland cement.²³⁷ To give the facade some texture, the top layer of cement was washed away, exposing bits of gravel underneath.^50104309 The wooden formwork created markings, which remained in place after the concrete had been poured. Joseph Siry described Unity Temple's exterior as a predecessor to the béton brut ("raw concrete") facades that became popular in the 1960s.³¹⁰ There are stair towers at each corner of the auditorium building, which measure 24.5 feet (7.5 m) high and 11+2⁄3 by 11+2⁄3 feet (3.6 by 3.6 m) across.³¹¹ On each elevation of the facade, narrow slit windows separate the central portions of the facade from the staircase towers.³¹¹³¹²

The base of the facade, directly above the foundation walls, is thicker than the rest of the facade³¹³ and is decorated with square and rectangular moldings.³¹⁰ Above the base, the facade takes two small steps inward. On each elevation of the facade, the central portions ascend without interruption to a protruding window sill,³¹³ situated 22 feet (6.7 m) above ground.⁸⁹³⁰⁸ There is no entrance on Lake Street; instead, there is a low wall on Kenilworth Avenue, behind which a set of stairs ascends to the entrance pavilion.³¹⁴ The words "For the worship of God / and the service of man" are inscribed in bronze letters above the entrance pavilion's doors.³⁰⁹³¹⁴ There are Japanese-inspired square lanterns on the exterior, next to the entrance.³¹⁵ Next to the Kenilworth Avenue facade, there is a pier with colonnades and rectangular flower boxes.³¹⁶

The centers of all four elevations of the auditorium are decorated with clerestory windows, which are recessed³²³¹⁷ and measure 38 by 63 inches (970 by 1,600 mm) across.²²⁵ The clerestory windows have geometric patterns³⁰⁷ and are largely made of plain glass, except for white and green panes at the tops of the windows.³¹⁸ Each set of clerestory windows is flanked by six exterior columns.³⁰⁸³¹⁹ Additionally, Unity House has four columns on two of its elevations.³¹⁹ All of the columns were designed by Richard Bock¹¹⁰³¹⁹ and measure 12 feet (3.7 m) tall.⁹⁹ The columns are spaced 7 feet (2.1 m) apart, aligning with the interior grid.²⁹⁸ The tops of the columns are decorated with hollyhock motifs.³²⁰ The lowest 7 feet of each column is unornamented and was cast in one piece, while the ornate 5-foot-tall (1.5 m) upper sections were cast in four pieces.⁹⁸⁹⁹ The bases of the columns are stepped inward, while the capitals are stepped outward, supporting the cantilevered roofs above.³¹³ The juxtaposition of the columns, and the roofs above them, may have been an allusion to older classical-style and religious buildings with pillars.³¹³ The facade is topped by square and rectangular copings.³¹⁰ In the 2010s, lighting was installed on the ground outside the building.¹⁹³

Unlike contemporary churches, Unity Temple was designed without a spire,¹⁷⁵³²¹ nor did it include typical church features such as a tower or an arched roof.⁷³³²² At the time of construction, church spires were increasingly outdated and were vulnerable to lightning strikes.³²¹ The temple is instead topped by 14,²³⁴ 16,¹⁹⁵ or 17 flat roofs.²⁴⁰ These are made of cinder concrete, topped with lightweight cinder-concrete tiles.²³⁷ Each roof is composed of slabs measuring 40+2⁄3 feet (12.4 m) wide.³¹³ The auditorium roof's eaves extend 5 feet (1.5 m) outward from the facade's columns,³²³ overhanging the adjacent lawns and paths.³⁰⁵ The writer Neil Levine wrote that the cantilevered roofs created the impression that the interiors were being directed outward.³⁰⁵ The edges of each roof are twice as thick as the rest of the roof, creating a low parapet wall,³²³ while the eaves contrast with the facade's thick base.³¹³

Ground floor plan, showing the foyer and Unity House's lower level

Auditorium-level floor plan, showing the auditorium's lower seating level and Unity House's upper level

Balcony-level floor plan

Wright described Unity Temple's interior as reflecting "the reality of the building—the space in which we live and not the walls and the roof".³⁰⁶ The foundations and columns are made of conventional concrete;²³⁷ the floor slabs are made of cinder concrete,²³⁷⁹⁷ in which coal cinders are embedded into the cement.⁹⁷ The superstructure also uses steel beams, which are entirely covered with concrete.⁹⁷ The interior was more colorful than the gray exterior, in part because of the windows.³¹² The walls are made of plaster, which is covered with an aggregate of sand, cement, and putty; a sealant was added to this aggregate, and the sealant was painted.³²⁴ The interiors are also decorated with wooden boards, which not only articulate (or stylize) the interiors,³²⁵³²⁶ but also conceal electrical wires.³²⁶ Joseph Siry described the decorations as "a poetic invention that sprang from Wright's own imagination",⁸¹ while Neil Levine wrote that the decorations highlighted "space and depth, rather than mass and volume".³²⁷ Wright also included high ceilings "for the contemplation for the soul", as Oak Leaves described it.³²⁸

An entrance pavilion, measuring 24 by 32 feet (7.3 by 9.8 m) across,⁸⁹ connects the auditorium and Unity House.³⁰⁵ On the first floor, there is a foyer with a low ceiling,³⁰⁵³²⁹ an example of the compression-and-release principle that Wright espoused.³³⁰³³¹ The foyer measures about 27 feet (8.2 m) wide³²⁹ and adjoins a cloak room and a bathroom.⁸⁹ To the north, visitors make two 90-degree turns before reaching the auditorium's perimeter,³³²³³³ as Wright wanted visitors to go on a "path of discovery" to reach the auditorium.^309330331 The north wall of the foyer is decorated with wooden slats and was initially designed as a hidden exit from the auditorium, without any doorknobs or visible hinges.³²⁹

The foyer's west and east walls each contain a bank of six doors measuring 20 feet (6.1 m) wide, with art-glass panes; the west doors form the main entrance.³²⁹ The south wall has a glass partition,³¹⁴ behind which Unity House's fireplace can be seen.³⁰⁵ A pastor's study is located within the second floor of the pavilion and is directly connected to both the auditorium and Unity House.³³⁴

Wright wrote that he had "let the room inside be the architecture outside" by designing the rest of the temple around the auditorium.⁴⁸³³⁵ The auditorium at the north end of the temple has either 380³³⁶ or 400 seats.^168199337 It is shaped like a Greek cross,³⁰⁹³³⁸ with a freestanding pier at each corner.^305325339 This contrasted with other churches in Oak Park, which had naves that were significantly longer than their width.⁶⁴ Wright wanted congregants to circulate around the auditorium's perimeter, rather than entering it from a central aisle,³⁴⁰ and he wanted the piers to draw visitors' attention inward.³³⁹ The piers are connected by "cloisters", hallways 4 feet (1.2 m) beneath the auditorium's main floor.^89341314 According to Wright, this preserved the auditorium's "quiet and dignity" by allowing people to circulate around the room unnoticed.³⁴² The bases of the piers contain small anterooms,³⁴¹ and staircases ascend to the main floor and balcony level.⁸⁹³⁴² The piers also include pipes and ducts for heating and ventilation.⁸⁹³²⁵ The piers are decorated with wooden strips that meet at right angles.³⁴³

At the center of the cross is a square measuring 33 feet (10 m) on each side,³⁴⁴ with a pulpit at the center.³⁴⁵ The pulpit is arranged so it is no farther than 45 feet (14 m)¹⁹³³³⁷ or 75 feet (23 m) from any seat.³²⁸ In front of the pulpit is a railing with wooden boards across its surface and a wooden coping at its top. The center of the railing, in front of the pulpit's lectern, is slightly raised. There is a bench behind the railing, as well as lamps to either side.³⁴⁶ The southern wall contains a choir loft directly above the auditorium's entrance, which extends to the balcony level.⁸⁹ The choir screen consists of a series of vertical slits and interlocking geometric planes.³⁴⁵³⁴⁷ The screen protrudes from the south wall, providing space for the organ pipes behind it.³⁴⁷ There is a door to the pastor's study behind the choir screen.³³⁴

The pews in the auditorium are variants of a mass-produced model of pews manufactured by the American Seating Company.¹³⁰ On three sides of the main floor are raised pews, which seat 54 people each;³⁴⁵ they are raked, sloping down toward the pulpit.³⁴⁸ The layout also allows audience members to face each other.^296330349 Exits from either side of the pulpit lead directly to the entrance pavilion.^345350351 This eliminated the need for congregants to turn away from the pulpit to leave, as was customary in older churches,^168345350 and it allowed congregants to mingle with the pastor or other speakers at the pulpit.³⁵¹ According to architectural critic Blair Kamin, the layout makes it so that "one enters as an individual and leaves as a member of a community".¹⁹³ The exit doors are normally closed during services.⁴³ Since 2017, there has been a video screen behind the pulpit.²⁸⁴

The balcony is about 13.5 feet (4.1 m) or two units above the ground³⁵² and also surrounds the auditorium on three sides.⁸⁹³⁴¹ The balcony has 153 seats in total,⁸⁹ which are more steeply raked than those on the main level.³⁴⁸ The balcony is illuminated by spherical lamps, and there are wooden bands on the balcony's railings and on the soffit along the balcony's underside.³⁴⁸ The architectural historian Robert Twombly wrote that the balconies gave the auditorium an intimate feel while allowing visitors to feel like they were part of a larger "majestic whole".²¹⁰

The decorations in the auditorium, such as the windows and chandeliers, are generally designed with cruciform motifs, recalling its overall shape.³⁴⁹ Generally, the lower part of the room is painted in darker shades of yellow and green, while the upper part is painted in lighter shades. The baseboards and the piers' pedestals were left unpainted, since Wright anticipated that this would give the room a more somber ambiance.³¹⁸ Natural light is provided through ceiling skylights and clerestories,³¹²³¹⁷ as well as the narrow slit windows.²⁹⁹³¹² According to Wright, the windows were intended "to get a sense of a happy cloudless day into the room".^339338312 Other than the slit windows and the door to the foyer, the lower part of the auditorium has no openings.²⁹⁹ Wright had designed planters or urns for the auditorium, but church officials refused to accept them.³⁵³ The auditorium also has several hardwood chairs, built in 2003 to replace the original Wright–designed chairs.²⁵⁷

The auditorium's ceiling is 27 feet (8.2 m) high.³⁵² The center of the ceiling is topped by amber skylights,³⁰⁵ which are surrounded by bands of wood.³²⁶ The roof is supported by solid concrete beams oriented east–west, while the north–south beams are of hollow concrete.³⁵⁴ Inset within this grid of beams are 25 square skylight panels.^312354214 Each panel measures 4+5⁄6 feet (1.5 m) across, with 83 pieces of glass,²¹⁴ and is decorated with a fork-shaped motif pointing in one of the four cardinal directions.³⁵⁵ A New York Times article likened the skylights' designs to Piet Mondrian's artwork.²¹⁰ The space is also illuminated by overhanging spherical chandeliers flanked by cubic lamps,⁸⁰³⁵⁶ and the perimeter of the ceiling is made of oak boards.³²⁶

The interior of Unity House is painted in various shades of green, yellow, and brown.³²⁴ Unity House's primary interior space measures about 82+5⁄6 by 27+1⁄6 feet (25.2 by 8.3 m) across, corresponding to approximately 12 by 4 units.³⁴⁴ There is a square hall at the center, measuring about 30 feet (9.1 m)³³⁴ or 33+5⁄6 feet (10.3 m) on each side.³⁴⁴ There are balconies to the west and east of the central hall, on the same story as the auditorium's lower seating level.³³⁴³⁵⁷ The balconies are supported by I-beams and contain small columns with wooden sconces,³⁵⁷ in addition to railings with wood strips.³²⁶ The columns have vertical wood strips along their shafts and horizontal wood strips at their capitals.³²⁶ The spaces under each balcony are illuminated by spherical lamps.³⁵⁷ The balconies and the spaces beneath them were originally used as classrooms.³³⁴

There are square closets at each corner of Unity House's main room, measuring about 1 unit wide.³⁴⁴ On the southern wall of the central hall is a recess with a fireplace measuring about 13+1⁄6 feet (4.0 m) wide;³⁴⁴ this feature recalled many of Wright's residential designs, which also had central fireplaces.²⁹¹ On the northern wall, there are three casement windows facing the pastor's study.³³⁴

Unity House primarily receives natural light from skylights in the ceiling.²⁹⁹ The roof trusses are supported by eight columns arranged in a 2×4 grid.³⁴⁴ The ceiling is divided into rectangular coffers measuring 15 by 4.5 feet (4.6 by 1.4 m) across. Each coffer has a skylight with four glass panes, which are either opaque or tinted in various shades of yellow, green, and brown.³⁰⁰ There are seven skylights in total, all of which are surrounded by wood strips.³²⁶³³⁴ Rectangular and square motifs, reminiscent of the floor plans, are used in the skylights.¹²⁶

Unity Temple originally had a coal-fired steam boiler, in addition to concrete ducts that were supposed to distribute heat.^254255358 The ducts proved ineffective at carrying air,³⁵⁸ and as such, steam radiators were installed shortly after the temple was finished.^254255136 A hot-water system was also installed within half a year of the temple's completion; it remained in use through the 21st century.²³⁸ The coal-fired boiler was replaced with an oil-fired boiler in the early 20th century, and a gas generator was added later in the century.²⁵⁴ Since the 2010s, the church has been heated by a geothermal heating system,³⁵⁹ which consists of nine 500-foot-deep (150 m) wells on the lawn just north of the church.²⁶⁰ This system includes ice-storage space and a set of geothermal wells.²⁵⁵²⁵⁴

As of 2025, Roger Bertschausen is the senior minister at Unity Temple,³⁶⁰ having joined as a "developmental minister" in 2023.²⁸⁸ The associate minister is Emily Gage,³⁶⁰ who joined as the minister of faith development in 2008.³⁶¹ The church hosts services every Sunday at 9:00 a.m. and 10:45 a.m.³⁶² In addition, it has hosted an annual meeting every May.¹⁷⁶ Senior pastors and senior ministers over the years have included:

Over the years, Unity Temple has been included in tours of Wright's Oak Park buildings,³⁶⁴ such as tours provided by the Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio Foundation (later the Frank Lloyd Wright Trust).³⁶⁵ Unity Temple is also part of the annual "Wright Plus" walking tour, which includes visits to several buildings designed by Wright.²⁹⁴³⁶⁶ By 2017, the Frank Lloyd Wright Trust hosted tours of Unity Temple six days a week, in addition to more detailed tours once a week.²⁸³ During the COVID-19 pandemic, virtual tours of the temple were also hosted.³⁶⁷ Since 2018, Unity Temple has been part of the Frank Lloyd Wright Trail, a collection of 13 buildings designed by Wright in Illinois.³⁶⁸

The church began hosting concerts in late 1973.¹⁹⁸ Musicians frequently requested permission to perform there,¹⁹⁹³⁶⁹ prompting the church to launch a regular concert series in 1974.³³⁶ The series, which included music from a variety of genres, raised over $50,000 for the temple in its first quarter-century.³⁷⁰ The temple also hosted theatrical, ballet, and opera performances.¹⁹⁰ In addition, in 1996, the church started hosting avant-garde music performances as part of its Creative and Improvised Music program,²²⁸²²⁹ which was hosted there for two years.³⁷¹

Over the years, Unity Temple has hosted meetings for the local community,¹³⁸ such as meetings for other Universalist congregations,³⁷² conventions of the National Young People's Christian Union,³⁷³ and dinners.¹⁷¹ The church hosted a program called "Ways of Mankind" during 1954, in which members of the public were invited to listen to, and discuss, radio broadcasts about selected topics.³⁷⁴ The church has also invited guest speakers, such as in 1964 when four liberal pastors gave speeches there.³⁷⁵ Other programs at the church have included "Constructive Kids", an architectural program for primary-school children.³⁷⁶ Over the years, Unity Temple has hosted public exhibits, such as a 1963 exhibit about Wright's architecture¹⁷⁸ and a 1978 exhibit of Wright's architectural drawings.³⁷⁷

When Unity Temple was completed, it differed significantly from other local churches' designs.⁷⁹ Wright considered Unity Temple to be his first completed concrete-building design,⁴⁹³⁷⁸ and it was among the first major reinforced-concrete buildings constructed in the U.S.^61222379 The temple is also an early example of a building with an exposed-concrete facade,⁸⁶¹⁵⁹ contrasting with earlier concrete structures in Europe, whose surfaces were typically concealed behind cladding.⁸⁶ Paul Gapp of the Chicago Tribune wrote retrospectively that Wright's use of concrete was "a daring risk at the time".³⁷⁹

Unity Temple has been cited as an early example of modern architecture,³ with Wright citing it as his first modern-style building.²⁹¹ The Oak Park Wednesday Journal wrote in 2017 that Unity Temple was "considered by many to be the world's first 'modern' building".³⁸⁰ According to Wright's wife Olgivanna, after the temple was finished, foreign architects copied elements of its design.³⁸¹ Unity Temple's design has been credited with having helped inspire the European architects Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Peter Behrens.³⁸² In addition, Unity Temple has inspired the design of structures such as the Maisonneuve Fire Station in Montreal,³⁸³ the Emerson Unitarian Church in Houston,³⁸⁴ and the Kunstmuseum Den Haag building in The Hague.³⁸⁵ The emphasis on materials and light in Unity Temple's design helped inspire later buildings such as Notre-Dame du Haut and the First Unitarian Church of Rochester.³⁸⁶

Upon the temple's completion, images of the auditorium were published in Inland Architect and News Record magazine.¹³³ Local newspaper Oak Leaves called it "the most radical departure in traditional church architecture ever attempted",⁷⁹ and the same newspaper said the "severe simplicity of the exterior of the building [...] gives one little hint of the beauty of the interior".¹¹⁸ A writer for the Chicago Daily Tribune said Unity Temple's modern design represented "the present, the twentieth century, the modern spirit, thought, faith, the modern freedom, the modern ideal".³⁸⁷ Architectural Record praised the acoustics as "not sonorous and [...] only slightly reverberant".³⁶⁹ Conversely, Winthrop Kendall regarded the building as unattractive, "without a vine or a tree to relieve its massive monotony",³⁸⁸ and disappointed congregants likened the temple to a Mayan handball court.³⁸⁹

In 1928, a writer for The Baltimore Sun described Unity Temple as one of a few buildings that expressed Wright's "idea of the thing—made to sing to heaven",³⁹⁰ while the Wausau Daily Herald said the design "gave rise to the cubical monolith".³⁹¹ A writer for the Manchester Guardian, in 1939, described Unity Temple as one of Wright's "pedigree buildings".³ A St. Louis Post-Dispatch article in 1961 said Unity Temple still "looks quite fresh and contemporary today",¹⁷³ and The Buffalo News likened the building to a "visiting spaceship" in 1981.³⁹² The architectural historian Vincent Scully called it "small, yet large" and one of the nation's most beautiful buildings.²¹⁰ After the auditorium's interior restoration was completed in the 1980s, a Boston Globe editor said the auditorium was "almost as shocking as the restoration of the Sistine Chapel".³⁹³ The architectural critic Paul Goldberger perceived Unity Temple as representing "a kind of symbolic gathering and communal presence, monumental dignity in a public place",³⁹⁴ calling it one of "the greatest religious structures" of the 20th century.³⁹⁵ A writer for The Chronicle of Higher Education in 1996 contrasted Unity Temple's "blocky" massing with the low-roofed design of Robie House on Chicago's South Side.³⁵¹

David M. Sokol, in his 2008 book The Noble Room, wrote that the temple's "majesty and importance" was partially derived from the fact that it was not arranged as typical church buildings had been.¹⁰² A writer for The Washington Post wrote that the building may have been one of Wright's favorite designs because it was "imposing yet elegant".⁵¹ After the temple's renovation was finished in 2017, a Curbed writer said the building's imposing concrete facade "belies what's inside",³³¹ while a Chicago Tribune writer called the auditorium "magnificent sanctuary noted for its high skylights of amber-tinted leaded glass".²⁸³ Blair Kamin wrote for The Wall Street Journal in 2025 that the temple's exterior was "monolithic, not monotonous" because of its use of textured concrete and geometric motifs, while "the sanctuary is as serene as architecture gets".³⁰⁹ The next year, Chicago Tribune writer Edward Keegan wrote that Unity Temple's sanctuary "remains one of the most stunning rooms in the world".³⁹⁶

Unity Temple has also received architectural accolades. In 1959, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) deemed Unity Temple as one of 17 buildings designed by Wright that merited the highest levels of architectural preservation.³⁹⁷ A 1991 poll in Architectural Record magazine ranked Unity Temple as one of the 10 most significant buildings in the United States from the previous century.²⁶⁰ The temple's 2017 restoration received several awards, including the AIA's Crombie Taylor Award,³⁹⁸ the World Monuments Fund's Modernism Prize,³⁹⁹ the Urban Land Institute's Vision Award,⁴⁰⁰ and the Richard H. Driehaus Foundation's Preservation Award.⁴⁰¹

Wright's building has been the subject of several books. Unity Temple was detailed in Ernst Wasmuth's 1910 Wasmuth Portfolio.⁴⁰²⁴⁰³ The historian Joseph Siry wrote a book about the church's architecture in 1996,⁴⁰⁴ while Robert McCarter published another book the following year with photographs of the temple.⁴⁰⁵ Patrick F. Cannon published a book about the temple through the Unity Temple Restoration Foundation in 2009,⁴⁰⁶ which received an accolade from the Independent Publisher Book Awards in 2023.⁴⁰⁷

The Library of Congress acquired photographs and documents about Unity Temple in 1967.⁴⁰⁸ Additionally, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York displayed images of the temple in 1965⁴⁰⁹ and 1988.⁴¹⁰ Local photographer Redd Griffin created a slideshow with images of Unity Temple in the 1970s,⁴¹¹ and drawings of the temple have also been displayed at the Phoenix Art Museum in Arizona⁴¹² and at the Oak Park Library.⁴¹³ The temple was detailed in the Scottish filmmaker Murray Grigor's 1982 documentary about Wright's Oak Park buildings.⁴¹⁴ In addition, the 2020 documentary Unity Temple: Frank Lloyd Wright's Modern Masterpiece, produced by Lauren Levine and narrated by Brad Pitt, details the temple's renovation.⁴¹⁵⁴¹⁶

Unity Temple was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in April 1970;⁴¹⁷ such a designation allowed properties to receive federal funds for restoration.¹⁸⁵⁴¹⁸ The building was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 30, 1970,⁴¹⁹ and was re-added to the NRHP at that time.⁴²⁰ A plaque commemorating the National Historic Landmark designation was installed in June 1971.⁴²¹ Oak Park officials considered including Unity Temple as part of a municipal historic district in 1971.⁴²² When the district was created the next year, however, it excluded the temple.⁴²³

The United States Department of the Interior nominated Unity Temple and nine other Wright–designed buildings to the World Heritage List in 2015;⁴²⁴⁴²⁵ the buildings had previously been nominated in 2008.⁴²⁶ UNESCO added eight properties, including Unity Temple, to the World Heritage List in July 2019 under the title "The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright".⁴²⁷