Manis

Asiatic pangolin; Temporal range: Middle Miocene - present
	Living pangolins from genus Manis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Placentalia
Order:	Pholidota
Family:	Manidae
Subfamily:	Maninae; Gray, 1821
Genus:	Manis; Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
	Manis pentadactyla; Linnaeus, 1758
Species
	Manis aurita; Manis crassicaudata; Manis pentadactyla; †Manis hungarica; †Manis lydekkeri; Subgenus: Paramanis Manis culionensis; Manis javanica; Manis mysteria; †Manis palaeojavanica; ;
	Manis crassicaudata Manis culionensis Manis javanica Manis pentadactyla
Synonyms
	synonyms of subfamily: Mania ; Manidae (Gray, 1821) ; Manina (Gray, 1825) ; Pholidotina (Gray, 1873) ; synonyms of genus: Pangolin (Gray, 1873) ; Pangolinus (Rafinesque, 1821) ; Paramanis (Pocock, 1924) ; Phatages (Sundevall, 1843) ; Phatagenus (Sundevall, 1843) ; Pholidotus (Brisson, 1762) ; Quaggelo (Frisch, 1775) ;

Manis ("spirit") is a genus of South Asian and East Asian pangolins, the Asiatic pangolins, from the subfamily Maninae, within the family Manidae.⁵⁶

Taxonomy

Subfamily: Maninae (Asiatic pangolins)
- Genus: Manis (Asiatic pangolins)
  - Manis crassicaudata (Indian pangolin)
  - Manis pentadactyla (Chinese pangolin)
  - Manis aurita⁷ (= Manis indoburmanica)⁸
  - Manis mysteria (Cryptic pangolin)⁹
  - †Manis hungarica
  - †Manis lydekkeri
  - Subgenus: Paramanis
    - Manis culionensis (Philippine pangolin)
    - Manis javanica (Sunda pangolin)
    - †Manis palaeojavanica (Giant asian pangolin)

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic position of genus Manis within family Manidae.¹⁰¹¹¹

Pholidotamorpha

†Palaeanodonta

Pholidota

†Euromanis

?

†Pholidota sp. (BC 16’08)

†Eurotamanduidae

Eupholidota

†Eomanoidea

Manoidea

†Patriomanidae

?

†Necromanis

Manidae

Smutsiinae

	Phatagininae

	Smutsiinae (sensu stricto)

sensu lato

?

†Manidae sp. (DPC 3972 & DPC 4364)

Maninae

Manis

	Manis pentadactyla

?	†Manis hungarica

	Manis crassicaudata

?	†Manis lydekkeri

?

Manis sp. (Scale_H4 & Scale_H8)

(Paramanis)

	Manis culionensis

	Manis javanica

?	†Manis palaeojavanica

sensu stricto

(Pholidota sensu lato)

References

Philippe Gaubert, Agostinho Antunes, Hao Meng, Lin Miao, Stéphane Peigné, Fabienne Justy, Flobert Njiokou, Sylvain Dufour, Emmanuel Danquah, Jayanthi Alahakoon, Erik Verheyen, William T Stanley, Stephen J O’Brien, Warren E Johnson, Shu-Jin Luo (2018) "The Complete Phylogeny of Pangolins: Scaling Up Resources for the Molecular Tracing of the Most Trafficked Mammals on Earth" Journal of Heredity, Volume 109, Issue 4, Pages 347–359
Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals. U. S. Government Printing Office. p. 822.
"Taxonomic history of the genus Manis". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 2019-09-18.
J. E. Gray. (1825.) "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe." Annals of Philosophy, new series 10:337-344
"Oldstyle id: d36852dde74a91d7c965591b175947ec". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands.
Schlitter, D.A. (2005). "Order Pholidota". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 530–531. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Zijlstra JS (25 April 2025). "Manis aurita Hodgson 1837 as a valid species of pangolin: a comment to Wangmo et al. (2025)". Mammalian Biology. 105 (5): 699–701. doi:10.1007/s42991-025-00495-x.
Wangmo, L. K., Ghosh, A., Dolker, S., Joshi, B. D., Sharma, L. K., & Thakur, M. (2025). Indo-Burmese pangolin (Manis indoburmanica): a novel phylogenetic species of pangolin evolved in Asia. Mammalian Biology, 1-8.
"DNA Study Reveals Cryptic New Species of Pangolin | Sci.News". 2 October 2023.
Gaudin, Timothy (2009). "The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 16 (4). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media: 235–305. doi:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9. S2CID 1773698. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). "A nearly complete skeleton of Ernanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 983–1001. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32..983K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86059673.

[Gaubert2018-1] Philippe Gaubert, Agostinho Antunes, Hao Meng, Lin Miao, Stéphane Peigné, Fabienne Justy, Flobert Njiokou, Sylvain Dufour, Emmanuel Danquah, Jayanthi Alahakoon, Erik Verheyen, William T Stanley, Stephen J O’Brien, Warren E Johnson, Shu-Jin Luo (2018) "The Complete Phylogeny of Pangolins: Scaling Up Resources for the Molecular Tracing of the Most Trafficked Mammals on Earth" Journal of Heredity, Volume 109, Issue 4, Pages 347–359

[2] Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals. U. S. Government Printing Office. p. 822.

[3] "Taxonomic history of the genus Manis". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 2019-09-18.

[4] J. E. Gray. (1825.) "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe." Annals of Philosophy, new series 10:337-344

[5] "Oldstyle id: d36852dde74a91d7c965591b175947ec". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands.

[Schlitter-6] Schlitter, D.A. (2005). "Order Pholidota". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 530–531. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[Zijlstra-2025-7] Zijlstra JS (25 April 2025). "Manis aurita Hodgson 1837 as a valid species of pangolin: a comment to Wangmo et al. (2025)". Mammalian Biology. 105 (5): 699–701. doi:10.1007/s42991-025-00495-x.

[Wangmo_et_al.,_2025-8] Wangmo, L. K., Ghosh, A., Dolker, S., Joshi, B. D., Sharma, L. K., & Thakur, M. (2025). Indo-Burmese pangolin (Manis indoburmanica): a novel phylogenetic species of pangolin evolved in Asia. Mammalian Biology, 1-8.

[9] "DNA Study Reveals Cryptic New Species of Pangolin | Sci.News". 2 October 2023.

[web2.utc.edu-10] Gaudin, Timothy (2009). "The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 16 (4). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media: 235–305. doi:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9. S2CID 1773698. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2020-11-19.

[KondrashovAgadjanian2012-11] Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). "A nearly complete skeleton of Ernanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 983–1001. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32..983K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86059673.

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Asiatic pangolin Temporal range: Middle Miocene - present¹

Living pangolins from genus Manis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Placentalia
Order:	Pholidota
Family:	Manidae
Subfamily:	Maninae Gray, 1821
Genus:	Manis Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus, 1758
Species
Manis aurita Manis crassicaudata Manis pentadactyla †Manis hungarica †Manis lydekkeri Subgenus: Paramanis Manis culionensis Manis javanica Manis mysteria †Manis palaeojavanica

Manis crassicaudata Manis culionensis Manis javanica Manis pentadactyla
Synonyms²³
synonyms of subfamily: Mania Manidae (Gray, 1821) Manina (Gray, 1825)⁴ Pholidotina (Gray, 1873) synonyms of genus: Pangolin (Gray, 1873) Pangolinus (Rafinesque, 1821) Paramanis (Pocock, 1924) Phatages (Sundevall, 1843) Phatagenus (Sundevall, 1843) Pholidotus (Brisson, 1762) Quaggelo (Frisch, 1775)