Layer-1 blockchain refers to the base protocol of a blockchain network that operates independently and can process and finalize cryptocurrency transactions without relying on another blockchain.
Bitcoin was the first Layer-1 blockchain. Others, such as Ethereum, Solana, and Radix, emerged to support more complex decentralized interactions through smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps).12
Layer-1 blockchains differ from Layer-2 solutions, which are secondary protocols built on top of Layer-1 networks to enhance scalability and transaction speeds.3
References
References
- Song, Han; Qu, Zhongche; Wei, Yihao (2024). "Advancing Blockchain Scalability: An Introduction to Layer 1 and Layer 2 Solutions". arXiv:2406.13855 [cs.CR].
- Olson, Parmy (2019-01-09). "This Hermetic Engineer Is Plotting The Death Of Blockchain". Forbes. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
- "Layer 1 vs. Layer 2: The Difference Between Blockchain Scaling Solutions". Investopedia. Retrieved 2025-02-10.