| Labial(-velar)ized with protrusion (rounded lips) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ◌ʷ | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʷ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+02B7 | ||
| |||
| Labialized with compression (flat lips) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ◌ᵝ | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ᵝ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+1D5D | ||
| |||
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Consonants pronounced this way are said to be labialized and are usually transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet by affixing a superscript w, ⟨ʷ⟩, to the base letter. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve the lips, they are called rounded.
In phonology, "labialization" may also refer to a type of assimilation process.
Labialized consonants
The most common labialized consonants are labialized velars. Most other labialized sounds also have simultaneous velarization, and the process may then be more precisely called labio-velarization. The labialization of bilabial consonants, though generally transcribed with ⟨◌ʷ⟩ as if it were labiovelar, is often a protrusion of the lips without velarization of the tongue.
Labialization has been attested with pulmonic, implosive, ejective and click consonants. All places and manners of pulmonic consonants are attested with labialized variants, with the possible exception of the epiglottals.
Occurrence
Labialization is the most widespread secondary articulation in the world's languages. It is phonemically contrastive in Northwest Caucasian (e.g. Adyghe), Athabaskan, and Salishan language families, among others. This contrast is reconstructed also for Proto-Indo-European, the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, and it survives in Latin and some Romance languages. It is also found in the Cushitic and Ethio-Semitic languages.
American English labializes /r, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ to various degrees.
A few languages, including Arrernte, have contrastive labialized forms for nearly all of their consonants.
In many Salishan languages, such as Klallam, velar consonants only occur in their labialized forms (except /k/, which occurs in some loanwords); however, uvular consonants occur abundantly labialized and unrounded.
Types
| Open-labialized | |
|---|---|
| ◌ꟹ |
| Labiodentalized | |
|---|---|
| ◌ᶹ |
| Labio-palatalized | |
|---|---|
| ◌ᶣ |
Out of 706 language inventories surveyed by Ruhlen (1976), labialization occurred most often with velar (42%) and uvular (15%) segments and least often with dental and alveolar segments. With non-dorsal consonants, labialization may include velarization as well. Labialization is not restricted to lip-rounding. The following articulations have either been described as labialization or been found as allophonic realizations of prototypical labialization:
- Labiodental frication, found in Abkhaz1
- Labiodentalization is a common idiosyncrasy of English /s/ and /z/, and especially of /r/.2
- Complete bilabial closure, [d͡b, t͡p, t͡pʼ], found in Abkhaz and Ubykh1
- "Labialization" (/w/, /ɡʷ/, and /kʷ/) without noticeable rounding (protrusion) of the lips, found in the Iroquoian languages. It may be that they are compressed.
- Rounding without velarization, found in Shona and in the Bzyb dialect of Abkhaz.
Eastern Arrernte has labialization at all places and manners of articulation; this derives historically from adjacent rounded vowels, as is also the case of the Northwest Caucasian languages. Marshallese also has phonemic labialization as a secondary articulation at all places of articulation except for labial consonants and coronal obstruents.
In North America, languages from a number of families have sounds that sound labialized (and vowels that sound rounded) without the participation of the lips. Tillamook is an example.3
Similarly to the distinction between the labio-palatal [ɥ] and labio-velar [w] semivowels, some languages exhibit labio-palatalization [ᶣ], rather than labio-velarization [ʷ].
Prelabialization
In Slovene, sounds can be prelabialized. Furthermore, the change is phonemic and all phonemes have prelabialized pairs (though not all of their allophones can have pairs). Compare stati 'stand' [ˈs̪t̪àːt̪í] and vstati 'stand up' [ˈʷs̪t̪àːt̪í]. The prelabialization part, however, is usually not considered as being part of the same phoneme as prelabialized sound, but rather as an allophone of /ʋ/ as it changes depending on the environment, e. g. vzeti 'take' [ˈʷz̪èːt̪í] and povzeti 'summarize' [pou̯ˈz̪èːt̪í].4 See Slovene phonology for more details.
Transcription
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, protruded labialization is indicated with a raised ⟨w⟩ modifier [ʷ], as in /kʷ/. There are also diacritics, respectively [ɔ̹], [ɔ̜], to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding.5 These are normally used with vowels but may occur with consonants. For example, in Hupa, an Athabaskan language, voiceless velar fricatives distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either /x/, /x̹/, /xʷ/ or /x/, /x̜ʷ/, /xʷ/.
The VoQS system has two additional symbols for degrees of rounding, originally introduced as part of the extensions to the IPA: Spread [i͍] and open-rounded [ʃꟹ] (as in English and French6). It also has a symbol for labiodentalized sounds, [tᶹ], which the IPA Handbook (1999) states may also be used for protruded labialization if ⟨ʷ⟩ is additionally specifying simultaneous velarization.7
If precision is desired, the Abkhaz and Ubykh articulations may be transcribed with the appropriate fricative or trill raised as a diacritic: [tᵛ], [tᵝ], [t𐞄], [tᵖ].
For simple labialization, Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) resurrected an old IPA symbol, [ ̫],8 which would be placed above a letter with a descender such as ɡ. However, their chief example is Shona sv and zv, which they transcribe /s̫/ and /z̫/ but which actually seem to be whistled sibilants, without necessarily being labialized.9 Another possibility is to use the IPA diacritic for rounding, distinguishing for example the labialization in English soon [s̹] and [sʷ] swoon.10 The open rounding of English /ʃ/ is also unvelarized.
Assimilation
Labialization also refers to a specific type of assimilatory process where a given sound become labialized due to the influence of neighboring labial sounds. For example, /k/ may become /kʷ/ in the environment of /o/, or /a/ may become /o/ in the environment of /p/ or /kʷ/.
In the Northwest Caucasian languages as well as some Australian languages rounding has shifted from the vowels to the consonants, producing a wide range of labialized consonants and leaving in some cases only two phonemic vowels. This appears to have been the case in Ubykh and Eastern Arrernte, for example. The labial vowel sounds usually still remain, but only as allophones next to the now-labial consonant sounds.
List of labialized consonants
Note that labialized palatal clicks are not attested in Yeyi and are not reconstructed for Proto-Kxʼa. Xhosa also has prenasalized tenuis/ejective and aspirated clicks, which also occur labialized (nkqw, nkxw, nchw, nqhw, nxhw).
References
References
- Siegel, Bernard J. (1977). Annual Review of Anthropology. Annual Reviews Incorporated. ISBN 9780824319069.
- John Laver [1994: 321] Principles of Phonetics
- Thompson, Laurence C.; Thompson, M. Terry (1966). "A Fresh Look at Tillamook Phonology". International Journal of American Linguistics. 32 (4): 313–319. doi:10.1086/464920. ISSN 0020-7071.
- Jurgec, Peter (2007), Novejše besedje s stališča fonologije Primer slovenščine (in Slovenian), Tromsø, p. 95
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - As a mnemonic, the more-rounded diacritics resemble the rounded vowel ⟨ɔ⟩.
- Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 148.
- International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17, 190. ISBN 978-0-52163751-0.
- This is not a subscript w but originally a subscript omega that "recalls the letter w" (Jespersen & Pedersen, 1926, Phonetic Transcription and Transliteration: Proposals of the Copenhagen Conference, April 1925. Oxford University Press).
- See [1]. Archived May 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed.
- "PBase". pbase.phon.chass.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2025-10-31.
- Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
- Inventory in Lukusa (2002) Groundwork in Shiyeyi Grammar, p. XXI ff
- Inventory in Donnelly (2002) Yeeyi
Bibliography
Bibliography
- Crowley, Terry (1997). An Introduction to Historical Linguistics (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Ruhlen, Merritt (1976). A Guide to the Languages of the World. Stanford University Press.
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). "Russian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395.