Inner Meadow

Inner Meadow
Stratigraphic range: late Ediacaran ~
3D reconstructions of Charnia brasieri from the Inner Meadow Lagerstätte, surrounded by Fractofusus andersoni
Type	Formation
Unit of	Fermeuse Formation
Area	40 m2 (430 sq ft)
Lithology
Primary	Mudrock
Other	Sandstone, Siltstone
Location
Region	Newfoundland and Labrador
Country	Canada
Type section
Named by	McIlroy et al.
Year defined	20261

The Inner Meadow is an Ediacaran aged fossiliferous deposit, and is found close to outcroppings of the Fermeuse Formation, near to Upper Island Cove on the island of Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada. Considered to be a lagerstätte, it contains biota most commonly found in the Avalon assemblage, showing that both the Avalon and White Sea assemblages are contemporaneous, with the only differences between the two being ecology.

The site was originally found by the Coombs family in 2023, who own the land the locality sits within, when trying to find where water was coming from after a storm had hit the area, finding a 20 cm (7.9 in) long petalonamid fossil in the process. An image of the fossil was posted to an online Facebook group known as "Newfound fossils", where it was picked up by local researchers, who were then given permission to excavate more of the site, discovering even more fossils.²

The site was immediately recognised for its great density of fossils, which was more than what is seen at the Mistaken Point Formation. The fossils are also on average notably larger and better preserved, which allowed for more scrutinised studies to be undertaken, which was noted would take 3–4 years.²

Multiple fossils were slowly described from the locality over the intervening years since the discovery of the site, such as Aninoides, a 1 m (3 ft 3.4 in) long petalonamid, and Charnia brasieri in 2025.³⁴⁵ The site itself would be formally described in January 2026, although research continues.¹

The Inner Meadow site is primarily composed of thick, structureless mudrock, with a thin layer of sandstone and green siltstone, which is tuffaceous and calcareous in nature. The current known area of the locality is 40 m² (430 sq ft), although it has been noted that any edge to the site has yet to be found, and as such this may increase with further excavations.¹

The uncovered surface at Inner Meadow also shows that there was a notable extensive, thick mat-ground covering, which permitted a wide spread of "bubble fields", formed by the build-up and accumulation of gases beneath the mat-ground. When the mat-ground was buried and decayed, these trapped gasses would then be released, letting softer tuffaceous sediments into the hemispherical cavities left behind and preserving them. Later weathering of the overlaying sediments would then have occurred, leaving the surface at Inner Meadow covered in negative-relief hemispherical impressions, something that is unique compared to other formations and surfaces in Newfoundland, which only contain "bubble trains".⁶

The Inner Meadow site has been dated using U–Pb dating on several zircon samples, recovering at date of 550.78±0.60 Ma, placing the site, and the Avalon assemblage biota found in it, firmly within what is known as the White Sea assemblage. Alongside this, the site was also deposited just before what is known as the Kotlin Crisis, one of the first notable extinction events of the Ediacaran period, which previously was thought to only affect biota known from White Sea assemblage aged rocks.¹

The Inner Meadow contains a wealth of organisms previously only known from Avalon aged rocks on what is known as the EM Coombs surface, like Frondophyllas and Pectinifrons, in White Sea aged rocks, showing that the biota of the Avalon assemblage survived later than originally thought. Although it is noted, much like a majority of the biota from White Sea aged rocks, they did not survive beyond the Kotlin Crisis into Nama assemblage aged strata, showing also that this extinction event was far greater than previously suggested by affecting not just one, but two assemblage biotas, with 80% of known life lost.¹⁷ The exact cause of this extinction event still remains unknown, with a sudden drop in oxygen or increasing levels of predation from cnidarians being put forward as probable causes.⁸

Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Uncus1	Uncus sp.	Worm-like organism, first recorded appearance outside of Australia.

Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Arborea1	A. spinosa	Sessile arboreomorph organism.
Aninoides31	A. coombsorum	Sessile rangeomorph organism.
Beothukis1	Beothukis sp.	Sessile rangeomorph organism.
Bradgatia1	Bradgatia sp.	Sessile rangeomorph organism.
Broccoliforma1	Broccoliforma sp.	Sessile rangeomorph organism.
Charnia51	C. masoni C. brasieri C. gracilis	Sessile rangeomorph organism.
Charniodiscus1	C. procerus	Sessile arboreomorph organism.
Fractofusus1	F. andersoni	Sessile spindle-like rangeomorph organism.
Frondophyllas1	Frondophyllas sp.	Sessile tree-like rangeomorph organism.
Pectinifrons1	P. abyssalis	Sessile comb-like rangeomorph organism.
Phyllozoon1	Phyllozoon sp.	Sessile erniettomorph organism, first recorded appearance outside of Australia.
Plumeropriscum1	Plumeropriscum sp.	Sessile rangeomorph organism.
Primocandelabrum1	Primocandelabrum sp.	Sessile feather-duster rangeomorph organism.
Trepassia1	Trepassia sp.	Sessile rangeomorph organism.

Genus	Species	Notes	Images
Aspidella1	Aspidella sp.	Enigmatic discoidal fossil.
Hadrynichorde1	Hadrynichorde sp.	Sea Whip-like frondose organism.
Hiemalora1	H. pleiomorpha	Discoid organism, possibly holdfasts of petalonamids.