GNRH2

GnRH2
Identifiers
Aliases	GNRH2, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone II, GnRH-II, LH-RHII, gonadotropin releasing hormone 2
External IDs	OMIM: 602352; HomoloGene: 128642; GeneCards: GNRH2; OMA:GNRH2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 20 (human)
End	3,045,747 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	testicle; ; right lobe of liver; ; cerebellar hemisphere; ; right hemisphere of cerebellum; ; granulocyte; ; left ovary; ; right ovary; ; gastric mucosa; ; right coronary artery; ; right testis;
	n/a
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	hormone activity; gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone activity; gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor binding;
Cellular component	extracellular region; extracellular space;
Biological process	multicellular organism development; signal transduction; regulation of signaling receptor activity; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; reproduction;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	2797
	n/a
	ENSG00000125787
	n/a
	O43555
	n/a
	NM_001310220; NM_001501; NM_178331; NM_178332
	n/a
	NP_001297149; NP_001492; NP_847901; NP_847902
	n/a
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Progonadoliberin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNRH2 gene.³⁴⁵

The protein encoded by this gene is a preproprotein that is cleaved to form a secreted 10 aa peptide hormone, QHWSHGWYPG.⁶ The secreted decapeptide regulates reproduction in females by stimulating the secretion of both luteinizing- and follicle-stimulating hormones. Three transcript variants that encode unique proproteins but the same peptide hormone have been found for this gene.⁵ The peptide belongs to gonadotropin-releasing hormone family.

Most vertebrate species possess two or three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) expressed in three distinct brain regions. Although the function of the hypothalamic form (GnRH1; common to many vertebrates), in controlling the reproductive axis has been defined, the functions of the other two isoforms (GnRH2 and GnRH3) remain largely unknown.⁷ The presence and conservation of GnRH2 across vertebrate species indicate important biological roles, but the absence of GnRH2 in rodents has greatly hampered the use of these vertebrate models and modern molecular tools to pursue its functions.⁸

A relatively well-documented function of GnRH2 is that the administration of GnRH2 has anorexigenic effects in female musk shrew,⁹ mouse,¹⁰ goldfish ¹¹ and zebrafish,¹² but the mechanisms are still unclear.

References

GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125787 – Ensembl, May 2017
"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
White RB, Eisen JA, Kasten TL, Fernald RD (Feb 1998). "Second gene for gonadotropin-releasing hormone in humans". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (1): 305–9. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95..305W. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.1.305. PMC 18209. PMID 9419371.
Chen A, Ganor Y, Rahimipour S, Ben-Aroya N, Koch Y, Levite M (Nov 2002). "The neuropeptides GnRH-II and GnRH-I are produced by human T cells and trigger laminin receptor gene expression, adhesion, chemotaxis and homing to specific organs". Nat Med. 8 (12): 1421–6. doi:10.1038/nm801. PMID 12447356.
"Entrez Gene: GNRH2 gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2".
"GNRH2 - Progonadoliberin-2 precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - GNRH2 gene & protein". uniprot. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
The Highly Conserved Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-2 Form Acts as a Melatonin-Releasing Factor in the Pineal of a Teleost Fish, the European Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax
Comprehensive Analysis of GnRH2 Neuronal Projections in Zebrafish
Kauffman AS, Rissman EF (February 2004). "The evolutionarily conserved gonadotropin-releasing hormone II modifies food intake". Endocrinology. 145 (2): 686–691. doi:10.1210/en.2003-1150. PMID 14576176.
Kauffman AS, Rissman EF (August 2004). "A critical role for the evolutionarily conserved gonadotropin-releasing hormone II: mediation of energy status and female sexual behavior". Endocrinology. 145 (8): 3639–3646. doi:10.1210/en.2004-0148. PMID 15105381.
Matsuda K, Nakamura K, Shimakura S, Miura T, Kageyama H, Uchiyama M, et al. (June 2008). "Inhibitory effect of chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone II on food intake in the goldfish, Carassius auratus". Hormones and Behavior. 54 (1): 83–89. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.01.011. PMID 18342861. S2CID 23262968.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 suppresses food intake in the zebrafish, Danio rerio

Further reading

Neill JD (2002). "GnRH and GnRH receptor genes in the human genome". Endocrinology. 143 (3): 737–43. doi:10.1210/endo.143.3.8705. PMID 11861490.
Leung PC, Cheng CK, Zhu XM (2004). "Multi-factorial role of GnRH-I and GnRH-II in the human ovary". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 202 (1–2): 145–53. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(03)00076-5. PMID 12770744. S2CID 24945436.
Limonta P, Moretti RM, Marelli MM, Motta M (2004). "The biology of gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone: role in the control of tumor growth and progression in humans". Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 24 (4): 279–95. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2003.10.003. PMID 14726258. S2CID 33327806.
Bloch B, Gaillard RC, Culler MD, Negro-Vilar A (1992). "Immunohistochemical detection of proluteinizing hormone-releasing hormone peptides in neurons in the human hypothalamus". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74 (1): 135–8. doi:10.1210/jcem.74.1.1727812. PMID 1727812.
Chen A, Laskar-Levy O, Ben-Aroya N, Koch Y (2001). "Transcriptional regulation of the human GnRH II gene is mediated by a putative cAMP response element". Endocrinology. 142 (8): 3483–92. doi:10.1210/endo.142.8.8302. PMID 11459794.
Deloukas P, Matthews LH, Ashurst J, et al. (2002). "The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20". Nature. 414 (6866): 865–71. Bibcode:2001Natur.414..865D. doi:10.1038/414865a. PMID 11780052.
Gründker C, Günthert AR, Millar RP, Emons G (2002). "Expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone II (GnRH-II) receptor in human endometrial and ovarian cancer cells and effects of GnRH-II on tumor cell proliferation". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87 (3): 1427–30. doi:10.1210/jcem.87.3.8437. PMID 11889221.
Chen A, Zi K, Laskar-Levy O, Koch Y (2002). "The transcription of the hGnRH-I and hGnRH-II genes in human neuronal cells is differentially regulated by estrogen". J. Mol. Neurosci. 18 (1–2): 67–76. doi:10.1385/JMN:18:1-2:65. PMID 11931351. S2CID 289773.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
Cheng CK, Hoo RL, Chow BK, Leung PC (2004). "Functional cooperation between multiple regulatory elements in the untranslated exon 1 stimulates the basal transcription of the human GnRH-II gene". Mol. Endocrinol. 17 (7): 1175–91. doi:10.1210/me.2002-0418. PMID 12663744.
Islami D, Bischof P, Chardonnens D (2004). "Possible interactions between leptin, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH-I and II) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)". Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 110 (2): 169–75. doi:10.1016/S0301-2115(03)00185-4. PMID 12969578.
Chou CS, Beristain AG, MacCalman CD, Leung PC (2004). "Cellular localization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) I and GnRH II in first-trimester human placenta and decidua". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (3): 1459–66. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031636. PMID 15001648.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
An BS, Choi JH, Choi KC, Leung PC (2005). "Differential role of progesterone receptor isoforms in the transcriptional regulation of human gonadotropin-releasing hormone I (GnRH I) receptor, GnRH I, and GnRH II". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90 (2): 1106–13. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0318. PMID 15562029.
Tanriverdi F, Gonzalez-Martinez D, Silveira LF, et al. (2005). "Expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone type-I (GnRH-I) and type-II (GnRH-II) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) and regulation of B-lymphoblastoid cell proliferation by GnRH-I and GnRH-II". Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes. 112 (10): 587–94. doi:10.1055/s-2004-830404. PMID 15578334.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125787 – Ensembl, May 2017

[2] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid9419371-3] White RB, Eisen JA, Kasten TL, Fernald RD (Feb 1998). "Second gene for gonadotropin-releasing hormone in humans". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (1): 305–9. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95..305W. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.1.305. PMC 18209. PMID 9419371.

[pmid12447356-4] Chen A, Ganor Y, Rahimipour S, Ben-Aroya N, Koch Y, Levite M (Nov 2002). "The neuropeptides GnRH-II and GnRH-I are produced by human T cells and trigger laminin receptor gene expression, adhesion, chemotaxis and homing to specific organs". Nat Med. 8 (12): 1421–6. doi:10.1038/nm801. PMID 12447356.

[entrez-5] "Entrez Gene: GNRH2 gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2".

[uniprot-6] "GNRH2 - Progonadoliberin-2 precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - GNRH2 gene & protein". uniprot. Retrieved 19 January 2019.

[7] The Highly Conserved Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-2 Form Acts as a Melatonin-Releasing Factor in the Pineal of a Teleost Fish, the European Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax

[8] Comprehensive Analysis of GnRH2 Neuronal Projections in Zebrafish

[9] Kauffman AS, Rissman EF (February 2004). "The evolutionarily conserved gonadotropin-releasing hormone II modifies food intake". Endocrinology. 145 (2): 686–691. doi:10.1210/en.2003-1150. PMID 14576176.

[10] Kauffman AS, Rissman EF (August 2004). "A critical role for the evolutionarily conserved gonadotropin-releasing hormone II: mediation of energy status and female sexual behavior". Endocrinology. 145 (8): 3639–3646. doi:10.1210/en.2004-0148. PMID 15105381.

[11] Matsuda K, Nakamura K, Shimakura S, Miura T, Kageyama H, Uchiyama M, et al. (June 2008). "Inhibitory effect of chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone II on food intake in the goldfish, Carassius auratus". Hormones and Behavior. 54 (1): 83–89. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.01.011. PMID 18342861. S2CID 23262968.

[12] Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 suppresses food intake in the zebrafish, Danio rerio

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