GNB4

GNB4
Identifiers
Aliases	GNB4, CMTD1F, G protein subunit beta 4, HG2B
External IDs	OMIM: 610863; MGI: 104581; HomoloGene: 69140; GeneCards: GNB4; OMA:GNB4 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 3 (human)
End	179,451,476 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 3 (mouse)
End	32,670,734 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	skin of arm; ; secondary oocyte; ; skin of thigh; ; tibia; ; skin of hip; ; visceral pleura; ; parietal pleura; ; synovial membrane; ; saphenous vein; ; trigeminal ganglion;
	Top expressed in
	semi-lunar valve; ; ascending aorta; ; lumbar spinal ganglion; ; aortic valve; ; dermis; ; primary oocyte; ; vas deferens; ; tunica media of zone of aorta; ; superior cervical ganglion; ; yolk sac;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	protein-containing complex binding; signal transducer activity;
Cellular component	myelin sheath; lysosomal membrane; extracellular exosome; cytosol;
Biological process	cellular response to glucagon stimulus; substantia nigra development; signal transduction; protein folding;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	59345
	14696
	ENSG00000114450
	ENSMUSG00000027669
	Q9HAV0
	P29387
	NM_021629
	NM_013531; NM_001348062; NM_001348104; NM_001348105
	NP_067642
	NP_038559; NP_001334991; NP_001335033; NP_001335034
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNB4 gene.⁵⁶⁷

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), which integrate signals between receptors and effector proteins, are composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma subunit. These subunits are encoded by families of related genes. This gene encodes a beta subunit. Beta subunits are important regulators of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors.⁷

References

GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000114450 – Ensembl, May 2017
GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000027669 – Ensembl, May 2017
"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Downes GB, Gautam N (Mar 2000). "The G protein subunit gene families". Genomics. 62 (3): 544–52. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5992. PMID 10644457.
Ruiz-Velasco V, Ikeda SR, Puhl HL (Feb 2002). "Cloning, tissue distribution, and functional expression of the human G protein beta 4-subunit". Physiol Genomics. 8 (1): 41–50. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00085.2001. PMID 11842130.
"Entrez Gene: GNB4 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 4".

Further reading

Pietruck F, Moritz A, Montemurro M, et al. (1996). "Selectively enhanced cellular signaling by Gi proteins in essential hypertension. G alpha i2, G alpha i3, G beta 1, and G beta 2 are not mutated". Circ. Res. 79 (5): 974–83. doi:10.1161/01.res.79.5.974. PMID 8888689.
Asano T, Morishita R, Ueda H, Kato K (1999). "Selective association of G protein beta(4) with gamma(5) and gamma(12) subunits in bovine tissues". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (30): 21425–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.30.21425. PMID 10409705.
Huang L, Shanker YG, Dubauskaite J, et al. (2000). "Ggamma13 colocalizes with gustducin in taste receptor cells and mediates IP3 responses to bitter denatonium". Nat. Neurosci. 2 (12): 1055–62. doi:10.1038/15981. PMID 10570481. S2CID 24494794.
Evanko DS, Thiyagarajan MM, Siderovski DP, Wedegaertner PB (2001). "Gbeta gamma isoforms selectively rescue plasma membrane localization and palmitoylation of mutant Galphas and Galphaq". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (26): 23945–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101154200. PMID 11294873.
Huang L, Max M, Margolskee RF, et al. (2003). "G protein subunit G gamma 13 is coexpressed with G alpha o, G beta 3, and G beta 4 in retinal ON bipolar cells". J. Comp. Neurol. 455 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1002/cne.10396. PMID 12454992. S2CID 22270368.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
Cuello F, Schulze RA, Heemeyer F, et al. (2003). "Activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by a high energy phosphate transfer via nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) B and Gbeta subunits. Complex formation of NDPK B with Gbeta gamma dimers and phosphorylation of His-266 IN Gbeta". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (9): 7220–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210304200. PMID 12486123.
Sprague RS, Bowles EA, Olearczyk JJ, et al. (2003). "The role of G protein beta subunits in the release of ATP from human erythrocytes". J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 53 (4 Pt 1): 667–74. PMID 12512701.
Rosskopf D, Nikula C, Manthey I, et al. (2003). "The human G protein beta4 subunit: gene structure, expression, Ggamma and effector interaction". FEBS Lett. 544 (1–3): 27–32. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00441-1. PMID 12782285. S2CID 80919988.
Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000114450 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000027669 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid10644457-5] Downes GB, Gautam N (Mar 2000). "The G protein subunit gene families". Genomics. 62 (3): 544–52. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5992. PMID 10644457.

[pmid11842130-6] Ruiz-Velasco V, Ikeda SR, Puhl HL (Feb 2002). "Cloning, tissue distribution, and functional expression of the human G protein beta 4-subunit". Physiol Genomics. 8 (1): 41–50. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00085.2001. PMID 11842130.

[entrez-7] "Entrez Gene: GNB4 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 4".

1

2

3

4

5

6

7