Genipin

Genipin
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Names
	Preferred IUPAC name Methyl (1R,4aS,7aS)-1-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate
Identifiers
CAS Number	6902-77-8 Y;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL459016 Y;
ChemSpider	390864 Y;
ECHA InfoCard	100.164.015
KEGG	C09780 Y;
PubChem CID	442424;
UNII	A3V2NE52YG Y;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID30894999 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C11H14O5/c1-15-10(13)8-5-16-11(14)9-6(4-12)2-3-7(8)9/h2,5,7,9,11-12,14H,3-4H2,1H3/t7-,9-,11-/m1/s1 Y Key: AZKVWQKMDGGDSV-BCMRRPTOSA-N Y; InChI=1/C11H14O5/c1-15-10(13)8-5-16-11(14)9-6(4-12)2-3-7(8)9/h2,5,7,9,11-12,14H,3-4H2,1H3/t7-,9-,11-/m1/s1 Key: AZKVWQKMDGGDSV-BCMRRPTOBC;
	SMILES O=C(OC)\C1=C\O[C@@H](O)[C@@H]2\C(=C/C[C@H]12)CO;
Properties
Chemical formula	C11H14O5
Molar mass	226.226 g/mol
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Genipin is a chemical compound found in Genipa americana fruit extract. It is an aglycone derived from an iridoid glycoside called geniposide which is also present in fruit of Gardenia jasminoides.¹

Genipin is an excellent natural cross-linker for proteins, collagen, gelatin, and chitosan cross-linking. It has a low acute toxicity, with LD₅₀ i.v. 382 mg/kg in mice, therefore, much less toxic than glutaraldehyde and many other commonly used synthetic cross-linking reagents. Furthermore, genipin can be used as a regulating agent for drug delivery, as the raw material for gardenia blue pigment preparation,² and as the intermediate for alkaloid syntheses.³

In vitro experiments have shown that genipin blocks the action of the transporter uncoupling protein 2.⁴

Gardenia blue

The pigment Gardenia blue (E165) is made by reacting genipin with soy protein hydrolysate.⁵

References

Ramos-de-la-Peña, A.M.; Renard, C.M.G.C.; Montañez, J.; Reyes-Vega, M.L.; Contreras-Esquivel, J.C. (2014), "A review through recovery, purification and identification of genipin", Phytochemistry Reviews, 15: 37–49, doi:10.1007/s11101-014-9383-z, S2CID 16614004
"FDA Approves Gardenia (Genipin) Blue Color Additive While Encouraging Faster Phase-Out of FD&C Red No. 3". FDA. 14 July 2025.
Brenda Vaandering, Genipin, retrieved 22 December 2019
Zhang, CY; Parton, LE; Ye, CP; Krauss, S; Shen, R; Lin, CT; Porco Jr, JA; Lowell, BB (2006). "Genipin inhibits UCP2-mediated proton leak and acutely reverses obesity- and high glucose-induced beta cell dysfunction in isolated pancreatic islets". Cell Metabolism. 3 (6): 417–27. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.04.010. PMID 16753577.
"FDA approves new blue food dye derived from gardenia fruit". CBS News. July 15, 2025. Retrieved July 22, 2025.

[1] Ramos-de-la-Peña, A.M.; Renard, C.M.G.C.; Montañez, J.; Reyes-Vega, M.L.; Contreras-Esquivel, J.C. (2014), "A review through recovery, purification and identification of genipin", Phytochemistry Reviews, 15: 37–49, doi:10.1007/s11101-014-9383-z, S2CID 16614004

[2] "FDA Approves Gardenia (Genipin) Blue Color Additive While Encouraging Faster Phase-Out of FD&C Red No. 3". FDA. 14 July 2025.

[3] Brenda Vaandering, Genipin, retrieved 22 December 2019

[4] Zhang, CY; Parton, LE; Ye, CP; Krauss, S; Shen, R; Lin, CT; Porco Jr, JA; Lowell, BB (2006). "Genipin inhibits UCP2-mediated proton leak and acutely reverses obesity- and high glucose-induced beta cell dysfunction in isolated pancreatic islets". Cell Metabolism. 3 (6): 417–27. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.04.010. PMID 16753577.

[5] "FDA approves new blue food dye derived from gardenia fruit". CBS News. July 15, 2025. Retrieved July 22, 2025.

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