Divisaderan

The Divisaderan age is a South American land mammal age, covering a period of geologic time within the Middle or Late Eocene epochs of the Paleogene (>36.0 Ma). It follows the Mustersan age and is followed by the Tinguirirican age.¹

The Divisaderan is named after the Divisadero Largo Formation of Divisadero Largo, Mendoza, Argentina. It was originally distinguished by an unusual combination of archaic mammals and more recent-looking notoungulate fossils. However, more recent studies argue that the distinctive notoungulates reported from the Divisadero Largo Formation may actually be sourced from the younger (Miocene-age) Mariño Formation. Without these fossils, the Divisaderan may be too poorly-distinguished to stay in use compared to other middle-late Eocene SALMAs.²

Formations

Locations of Divisaderan formations

Formation bold is type	Country	Basin	Notes
Divisadero Largo Formation	Argentina	Cuyo Basin	³
Abanico Formation	Chile	Abanico Basin	⁴⁵
Andesitas Huancache Formation	Argentina	Golfo San Jorge Basin	⁶
Chota Formation	Peru	Bagua Basin	⁷⁸
Guabirotuba Formation	Brazil	Curitiba Basin	⁹
Leticia Formation	Argentina	Austral Basin	¹⁰
Loreto Formation	Chile	Magallanes Basin	¹¹
Paracas Group	Peru	Pisco Basin	¹²
Pozo Formation	Peru	Ucayali Basin	¹³¹⁴
Sarmiento Formation	Argentina	Golfo San Jorge Basin	¹⁵¹⁶
Soncco Formation	Peru	Eastern Peruvian Andes	¹⁷
Yumaque Formation	Peru	Pisco Basin	¹⁸

Fossils

Group	Fossils	Formation	Notes
Mammals	Acamana ambiguus, Adiantoides leali, Allalmeia atalaensis, Brachystephanus postremus, Groeberia minoprioi, G. pattersoni, Phoradiadius divortiensis, Xenostephanus chiottii, Trigonostylops sp., ?Notoungulata indet.	Divisadero Largo	¹⁹
	Proeocoleophorus carlinii, Machlydotherium sp., Meteutatus sp., Nemolestes sp., Parutaetus sp., Utaetus sp., Argyrolagoidea indet., Astegotheriini indet., Astrapotheria indet., Euphractinae indet., Notopithecidae indet., Oldfieldthomasiidae indet., Palaeothentoidea indet.	Guabirotuba	²⁰²¹
	Ocucajea picklingi, Supayacetus muizoni, Basilosauridae indet.	Paracas	²²²³ ²⁴
	Cachiyacuy contamanensis, C. kummeli, Canaanimys maquiensis, Eobranisamys javierpradoi, Eocoleophorus glyptodontoides, Pozomys ucayaliensis, Pseudostegotherium chubutanum, cf. Eoespina sp., cf. Griphodon sp., cf. Perulestes sp., Rumiodon sp., Sasawatsu sp., Stegosimpsonia sp., ?Trigonostylops sp., Wamradolops sp., Archaeohyracidae indet., Bonapartherioidea indet., Borhyaenidae indet., Chinchilloidea indet., Cingulata indet., Didelphimorphia indet., Interatheriinae indet., Litopterna indet., Microchiroptera indet., Molossidae indet., Phyllostomatidae indet., Polydolopimorphia indet., ?Sudamericidae indet., Toxodontia indet.	Pozo	²⁵ ²⁶²⁷ ²⁸²⁹
	Pseudocladosictis determinabile, Patene coluapiensis, Angelocabrerus daptes, Arminiheringia auceta, Caroloameghinia mater, C. tenuis, Coona gaudryi, Rosendolops primigenium, Polydolops crassus, P. serra, P. thomasi, Amphidolops serrula, Eudolops tetragonus, Pseudolops princeps, Progarzonia notostylopense, Ideodelphys microscopicus, Tonostylops spissus, Thomashuxleya rostrata, Coelostylodon caroloameghinoi, C. florentinoameghinoi, Acoelohyrax complicatissimus, Isotemnus colhuehuapiensis, I. primitivus, Anisotemnus distentus, Pleurostylodon crassiramis, P. modicus, P. similis, Homalostylops parvus, Notostylops bicinctus, N. murinus, Isostylops fretus, Catastylops deflexus, Eohyrax isotemnoides, E. praerusticus, Archaeopithecus fossulatus, A. rogeri, Maxschlosseria consumata, Oldfieldthomasia debilitata, O. parvidens, O. transversa, Ultrapithecus rutilans, Paginula parca, Transpithecus obtentus, Antepithecus brachystephanus, A. innexus, Notopithecus adapinus, Henricosbornia ?lophodonta, Acoelodus proclivus, Proectocion argentinus, P. precisus, Didolodus magnus, D. minor, D. multicuspis, Paulogervaisia inusta, P. mamma, P. porca, Ernestokokenia nitida, Albertogaudrya unica, ?Trigonostylops duplex, T. wortmani, Parutaetus chicoensis, P. clusus, P. signatus, Meteutatus percarinatus, Pseudostegotherium chubutanum, Prostegotherium astrifer, P. notostylopianum, Utaetus buccatus, U. deustus, U. lenis, Machlydotherium sparsum, Rutimeyeria conulifera Guilielmofloweria plicata, Anisolambda fissidens, Proplanodus adnepos, Periphragnis exauctus, Mazzoniphractus ingens	Sarmiento	³⁰³¹ ³²³³
	Mystacodon selenensis	Yumaque	³⁴³⁵
Reptiles & amphibians	Cunampaia simplex, Ilchunaia parva, Barinasuchus sp.	Divisadero Largo	¹⁹
	?Balanerodus sp., cf. Sebecus sp., Anilioidea indet., Anura indet., Booidea indet., Caimaninae indet., ?Chelidae indet., Gavialoidea indet., Pipidae indet., ?Platynota indet.	Pozo	²⁶
	Eocaiman cavernensis, ?Boa sp., ?Madtsoia sp., Crocodylomorpha indet.	Sarmiento	³⁰³⁶
Birds	Spheniscidae indet.	Loreto	³⁷
Fishes	Ischyodus dolloi, Striatolamia macrota, Elasmobranchii indet.	Loreto	³⁷
Fishes	Potamotrygon ucayalensis, ?Colossoma sp., cf. Leporinus sp., cf. Hydrolycus sp., Actinopterygii indet., Characiformes indet.	Pozo	²⁶²⁷ ²⁸
Flora	Chara (Grambastichara) tornata, Nitellopsis (Tectochara) latispira	Pozo	³⁸

References

Divisaderan at Fossilworks.org
Cerdeño, Esperanza; López, Guillermo M.; Reguero, Marcelo A. (2008-06-12). "Biostratigraphic considerations of the Divisaderan faunal assemblage". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (2): 574–577. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[574:BCOTDF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
Cerdeño & Guiomar, M2007, p.200
Godoy et al., 2012
Muñoz et al., 2006
Tejedor et al., 2009, p.6
Chacaltana et al., 2015, p.2
Castro Medina, 2010, p.53
Sedor et al., 2017, p.39
Clarke et al., 2003
Otero et al., 2012
Clarke et al., 2007, p.11545
Antoine et al., 2016, p.56
Castro Medina, 2010, p.54
Dozo et al., 2014, p.241
Acosta & Tambussi, 2005, p.128
Carlotto, 2016, p.522
Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.11
Divisadero Hill at Fossilworks.org
Sedor et al., 2017
Guabirotuba fauna at Fossilworks.org
Archaeocete Valley at Fossilworks.org
Archaeocete Valley, Paracas, AV-17 at Fossilworks.org
Archaeocete Valley, Paracas, AV-19 at Fossilworks.org
Boivin et al., 2017
CTA-27 at Fossilworks.org
CTA-29 at Fossilworks.org
CTA-51 at Fossilworks.org
CTA-66 at Fossilworks.org
Barranca south of Lago Colhue-Huapi, Gran Barranca at Fossilworks.org
El Nuevo at Fossilworks.org
Locality III, Tapera de López, Riconada de los López at Fossilworks.org
Gran Barranca faunule 12 at Fossilworks.org
Lambert et al., 2017
Playa Media Luna at Fossilworks.org
Eocaiman cavernensis holotype locality at Fossilworks.org
Río de las Minos at Fossilworks.org
CTA-73 at Fossilworks.org

Bibliography

General

Woodburne, M.O.; Goin, F.J.; Bond, M.; Carlini, A.A.; Gelfo, J.N.; López, G.M.; Iglesias, A.; Zimicz, A.N. (2013), "Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity", Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 21: 1–73, doi:10.1007/s10914-012-9222-1, hdl:11336/31253, retrieved 2019-02-15

Divisadero Largo Formation

Simpson, G.G.; Minoprio, J.L.; Patterson, B. (1962), "The mammalian fauna of the Divisadero Largo Formation, Mendoza, Argentina", Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 127: 239–293, retrieved 2019-02-15

Abanico Formation

Bertrand, Ornella C.; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A.; Wyss, André R. (2012), "Two new taxa (Caviomorpha, Rodentia) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna (Chile)", American Museum Novitates (3750): 1–36, doi:10.1206/3750.2, retrieved 2019-02-15
Bradham, Jennifer; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A.; Wyss, Andre R. (2015), "New notoungulates (Notostylopidae and basal toxodontians) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile", American Museum Novitates (3841): 1–24, doi:10.1206/3841.1, retrieved 2019-02-13
Croft, Darin A.; Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R. (2008), "The Tinguiririca fauna of Chile and the early stages of "modernization" of South American mammal faunas" (PDF), Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 66: 191–211, retrieved 2019-02-12 Archived 2018-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
Engelman, Russell K.; Flynn, John J.; Gans, Philip; Wyss, André R.; Croft, Darin A. (2018), "Chlorocyon phantasma, a late Eocene borhyaenoid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Los Helados locality, Andean Main Range, central Chile", American Museum Novitates (3918): 1–22, doi:10.1206/3918.1, retrieved 2019-02-11
Godoy, Estanislao (2012), "Sobre el variable marco geotectónico de las formaciones Abanico y Farellones y sus equivalentes al sur de los 35°LS", Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 69: 570–577, retrieved 2017-08-15
Muñoz, Marcia; Fuentes, Francisco; Vergara, Mario; Aguirre, Luis; Nyström, Jan Olov; Féraud, Gilbert; Demant, Alain (2006), "Abanico East Formation: petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks behind the Cenozoic arc front in the Andean Cordillera, central Chile (33°50'S)", Revista Geológica de Chile, 33: 109–140, doi:10.4067/S0716-02082006000100005, hdl:10533/177368, retrieved 2017-08-15

Andesitas Huancache Formation

Goin, Francisco J.; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Chornogubsky, Laura; López, Guillermo M.; Gelfo, Javier N.; Bond, Mariano; Woodburne, Michael O.; Gurovich, Yamila; Reguero, Marcelo (2012), "Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia", Naturwissenschaften, 99 (6): 449–463, Bibcode:2012NW.....99..449G, doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z, PMID 22584426, retrieved 2019-02-15
Tejedor, Marcelo F. (2009), "New Early Eocene Mammalian Fauna from Western Patagonia, Argentina" (PDF), American Museum Novitates (3638): 1–43, doi:10.1206/577.1, retrieved 2018-09-11 Archived 2017-08-08 at the Wayback Machine

Chota Formation

Chacaltana, César; Benites Cañote, Alexandra Lucytania; Valdivia, Waldir; Chumpitaz, Marco (2014), La formación Chota en la Cuenca Bagua: Evaluación e implicancias del criterio de clasificación litoestratigráfico, Congreso Peruano de Geología, pp. 1–4, retrieved 2017-08-15

Guabirotuba Formation

Sedor, Fernando A.; Oliveira, Édison V.; Silva, David D.; Fernandes, Luiz A.; Cunha, Renata F.; Ribeiro, Ana M.; Dias, Eliseu V. (2017), "A New South American Paleogene Land Mammal Fauna, Guabirotuba Formation (Southern Brazil)" (PDF), Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 24: 39–55, doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9364-7, retrieved 2017-10-26

Leticia Formation

Clarke, J.A.; Olivero, E.B.; Puerta, P. (2003), "Description of the earliest fossil penguin from South America, and first Paleogene vertebrate locality of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina" (PDF), American Museum Novitates (3423): 1–18, doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)423<0001:DOTEFP>2.0.CO;2, hdl:11336/94973, retrieved 2019-02-20

Loreto Formation

Bostelmann, Enrique; Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Vasquez, Ana; Gutiérrez, Nestor; Oyarzún, José Luis; Carreño, Catalina; Torres, Teresa; Otero, Rodrigo; Llanos, C. Mark Fanning, Sven N. Nielsen and Francisco Hervé, Andrea (2012), A revised lithostratigraphy of the Sierra Baguales, Magallanes Basin (PDF), XIII Congeso Geológico Chileno, pp. 698–700, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-03, retrieved 2019-02-15{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Otero, Rodrigo A.; Torres, Teresa; Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Hervé, Francisco; Fanning, C. Mark; Yuri Yáñez, Roberto E.; Rubilar Rogers, David (2012), "A Late Eocene age proposal for the Loreto Formation (Brunswick Peninsula, southernmost Chile), based on fossil cartilaginous fishes, paleobotany and radiometric evidence" (PDF), Andean Geology, 39: 180–200, doi:10.5027/andgeoV39N1-a09, retrieved 2019-02-15
Sallaberry, M.A.; Yury Yáñez, R.E.; Otero, R.A.; Soto Acuña, S.; Torres, T.G. (2010), "Eocene birds from the western margin of southernmost South America" (PDF), Journal of Paleontology, 84 (6): 1061–1070, Bibcode:2010JPal...84.1061S, doi:10.1666/09-157.1, retrieved 2019-02-15
Torres, T.; Meón, H.; Otero, R.; Galleguillos, H. (2009), Palinoflora y macroflora de la Formación Loreto, Punta Arenas, Región de Magallanes, Chile (PDF), XII Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 1–4, retrieved 2019-02-15

Paracas Group

Clarke, Julia A.; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Stucchi, Marcelo; Urbina, Mario; Giannini, Norberto; Bertelli, Sara; Narváez, Yanina; Boyd, Clint A. (2007), "Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between penguin biogeography, body size evolution, and Cenozoic climate change", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104 (28): 11545–11550, doi:10.1073/pnas.0611099104, PMC 1913862, PMID 17601778, retrieved 2017-08-15

Pozo Formation

Antoine, P.O.; Marivaux, L.; Croft, D.A.; Billet, G.; Ganerod, M.; Jaramillo, C.; Martin, T.; Orliac, M.; Tejada, A. J. Altamirano, F. Duranthon, G. Fanjat, S. Rousse and R. Salas Gismondi, J. (2011), "Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 279 (1732): 1319–1326, doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1732, PMC 3282368, PMID 21993503, retrieved 2019-02-14{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Boivin, Myriam; Marivaux, Laurent; Orliac, Maëva J.; Pujos, François; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada Lara, Julia V.; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2017), "Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia", Palaeontologia Electronica, 20 (1): Article number 20.1.19A, retrieved 2019-02-12

Sarmiento Formation

Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Tambussi, Claudia (2005), "Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Aves) en la Formación Sarmiento de la localidad de Gran Hondonada (Eoceno Superior), Patagonia, Argentina [Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Birds) in the Sarmiento Formation from the Gran Hondonada locality (Upper Eocene), Patagonia, Argentina]" (PDF), Revista Española de Paleontología, 20: 127–132, retrieved 2018-09-10 Archived 2021-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
Arnal, Michelle; Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Vucetich, M. Guiomar; Vieytes, E. Carolina (2014), "A new early Miocene octodontoid rodent (Hystricognathi, Caviomorpha) from Patagonia (Argentina) and a reassessment of the early evolution of Octodontoidea", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34 (2): 397–406, Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..397A, doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.808203, hdl:11336/29748, retrieved 2019-02-12
Cheme Arriaga, Lucas; Dozo, María Teresa; Gelfo, Javier N. (2016), "A new Cramaucheniinae (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36 (6) e1229672, Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E9672C, doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1229672, hdl:11336/30386, retrieved 2019-02-12
Dozo, María Teresa; Ciancio, Martín; Bouza, Pablo; Martínez, Gastón (2014), "Nueva asociación de mamíferos del Paleógeno en el este de la Patagonia (provincia de Chubut, Argentina): implicancias biocronológicas y paleobiogeográficas" (PDF), Andean Geology, 41: 224–247, doi:10.5027/andgeoV41n1-a09, retrieved 2017-08-15
Pérez, María Encarnación; Krause, Marcelo; Vucetich, María Guiomar (2012), "A new species of Chubutomys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the late Oligocene of Patagonia and its implications on the early evolutionary history of Cavioidea sensu stricto", Geobios, 45 (6): 573–580, Bibcode:2012Geobi..45..573P, doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2012.06.001
Shockey, Bruce J.; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A.; Gans, Phillip; Wyss, André R. (2012), "New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina: comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses", American Museum Novitates (3737): 1–64, doi:10.1206/3737.2, retrieved 2019-02-15
Sterli, Juliana; De la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Krause, J. Marcelo (2015), "A new turtle from the Palaeogene of Patagonia (Argentina) sheds new light on the diversity and evolution of the bizarre clade of horned turtles (Meiolaniidae, Testudinata)", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 174 (3): 519–548, doi:10.1111/zoj.12252, hdl:11336/41594, retrieved 2019-02-13
Vucetich, M.G.; Dozo, M.T.; Arnal, M.; Pérez, M.E. (2015), "New rodents (Mammalia) from the late Oligocene of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut) and the first rodent radiation in Patagonia", Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 27 (2): 236–257, Bibcode:2015HBio...27..236V, doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.883506, hdl:11336/17958, retrieved 2019-02-13
Vucetich, María G.; Pérez, María E.; Ciancio, Martín R.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Madden, Richard H.; Kohn, Matthew J. (2014), "A new acaremyid rodent (Caviomorpha, Octodontoidea) from Scarritt Pocket, Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Patagonia (Argentina)", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34 (3): 689–698, Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..689V, doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.804414, hdl:11336/17973, retrieved 2019-02-12
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Soncco Formation

Carlotto, Víctor (2016), Dataciones por trazas de fisión en los depósitos continentales terciarios de la Región de Cusco, XIII Congreso Peruano de Geología, pp. 521–524, retrieved 2017-08-15

Yumaque Formation

Lambert, O.; Martínez Cáceres, M.; Bianucci, G.; Di Celma, C.; Salas Gismondi, R.; Steurbaut, E.; Urbina, Mario; de Muizon, C. (2017), "Earliest Mysticete from the Late Eocene of Peru Sheds New Light on the Origin of Baleen Whales", Current Biology, 27 (10): 1–7, Bibcode:2017CBio...27E1535L, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.026, hdl:11581/396095, PMID 28502655, retrieved 2019-02-04

[FWDivisaderan-1] Divisaderan at Fossilworks.org

[2] Cerdeño, Esperanza; López, Guillermo M.; Reguero, Marcelo A. (2008-06-12). "Biostratigraphic considerations of the Divisaderan faunal assemblage". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (2): 574–577. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[574:BCOTDF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.

[CerdenoGuiomar2007_p200-3] Cerdeño & Guiomar, M2007, p.200

[Godoy2012-4] Godoy et al., 2012

[Munoz2012-5] Muñoz et al., 2006

[Tejedor2009_p6-6] Tejedor et al., 2009, p.6

[Chacaltana_p2-7] Chacaltana et al., 2015, p.2

[CastroMedina2010_p53-8] Castro Medina, 2010, p.53

[Sedor2017_p39-9] Sedor et al., 2017, p.39

[Clarke2003-10] Clarke et al., 2003

[Otero2012-11] Otero et al., 2012

[Clarke2007_p11545-12] Clarke et al., 2007, p.11545

[Antoine2016_p56-13] Antoine et al., 2016, p.56

[CastroMedina2010_p54-14] Castro Medina, 2010, p.54

[Dozo_p241-15] Dozo et al., 2014, p.241

[Acosta2005_p128-16] Acosta & Tambussi, 2005, p.128

[Carlotto_p522-17] Carlotto, 2016, p.522

[Solis2018_p11-18] Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.11

[FWDivisaderoHill-19] Divisadero Hill at Fossilworks.org

[Sedor2017-20] Sedor et al., 2017

[FWGuabirotuba-21] Guabirotuba fauna at Fossilworks.org

[FWArchaeoceteValley-22] Archaeocete Valley at Fossilworks.org

[FWAV17-23] Archaeocete Valley, Paracas, AV-17 at Fossilworks.org

[FWAV19-24] Archaeocete Valley, Paracas, AV-19 at Fossilworks.org

[Boivin2017-25] Boivin et al., 2017

[FWCTA27-26] CTA-27 at Fossilworks.org

[FWCTA29-27] CTA-29 at Fossilworks.org

[FWCTA51-28] CTA-51 at Fossilworks.org

[FWCTA66-29] CTA-66 at Fossilworks.org

[FWBarrancaSouth-30] Barranca south of Lago Colhue-Huapi, Gran Barranca at Fossilworks.org

[FWBarrancaElNuevo-31] El Nuevo at Fossilworks.org

[FWBarrancaLoc3-32] Locality III, Tapera de López, Riconada de los López at Fossilworks.org

[FWGranBarranca12-33] Gran Barranca faunule 12 at Fossilworks.org

[Lambert2017-34] Lambert et al., 2017

[FWYumaque-35] Playa Media Luna at Fossilworks.org

[FWEocaimanCavernensis-36] Eocaiman cavernensis holotype locality at Fossilworks.org

[FWRioDeLasMinos-37] Río de las Minos at Fossilworks.org

[FWCTA73-38] CTA-73 at Fossilworks.org

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