Binding constant

The binding constant, or affinity constant/association constant, is a special case of the equilibrium constant K, and is the inverse of the dissociation constant.¹ It is associated with the binding and unbinding reaction of molecules. Consider a binding reaction between two molecules, X and Y, which is formalized as:

X + Y ⇌ XY

The reaction is characterized by the on-rate constant k_on and the off-rate constant k_off, which have units of M⁻¹ s⁻¹ and s⁻¹, respectively. In equilibrium, the forward binding transition X + Y → XY should be balanced by the backward unbinding transition XY → X + Y. That is,

${\displaystyle k_{\rm {on}}\,[{\rm {X}}]\,[{\rm {Y}}]=k_{\rm {off}}\,[{\rm {XY}}]}$

where [X] and [Y] represent the concentration of unbound molecules, while [XY] represents the concentration of bound complexes. The binding constant K_a is defined by

${\displaystyle K_{\rm {a}}={k_{\rm {on}} \over k_{\rm {off}}}={[{\rm {XY}}] \over {[{\rm {X}}]\,[{\rm {Y}}]}}}$.²

An often considered quantity is the dissociation constant K_d ≡ ⁠1/K_a⁠, which has the unit of concentration, despite the fact that strictly speaking, all association constants are unitless values. The inclusion of units arises from the simplification that such constants are calculated solely from concentrations, which is not the case. Once chemical activity is factored into the correct form of the equation, a dimensionless value is obtained. For the binding of receptor and ligand molecules in solution, the molar Gibbs free energy ΔG, or the binding affinity is related to the dissociation constant K_d via

${\displaystyle \Delta G=RT\ln {K_{\rm {d}} \over c^{\ominus }}}$,

in which R is the ideal gas constant, T temperature and the standard reference concentration c^o = 1 mol/L.