V-12 Navy College Training Program

The V-12 Navy College Training Program was designed to supplement the force of commissioned officers in the United States Navy during World War II. Between July 1, 1943, and June 30, 1946, more than 125,000 participants were enrolled in 131 colleges and universities in the United States. Numerous participants attended classes and lectures at their respective colleges and earned completion degrees for their studies. Some even returned from their naval obligations to earn a degree from the colleges where they were previously stationed.

The V-12 program's goal was to produce officers, not unlike the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP), which sought to turn out more than 200,000 technically trained personnel in such fields as engineering, foreign languages, and medicine. Running from 1942 to 1944, the ASTP recruits were expected but not required to become officers at the end of their training.

The V-12 program was founded to generate a large number of officers for both the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps to meet the demands of World War II, in excess of the number that was turned out annually by the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis and the U.S. Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School. Once enrollees completed their V-12-subsidized bachelor's degree programs, their next step toward obtaining a commission depended on the service branch:¹

Navy

• Navy officer candidates were required to complete the V-7 United States Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School program. It was a short course of eight months. The first month was spent at Indoctrination School, a "boot camp" for officer candidates that had Marine Corps drill instructors. Pre-Midshipmen's School was a preparatory four-month course teaching military skills like seamanship, navigation, ordnance, and how to behave like an officer. Midshipmen's School itself taught academic skills and was three months long. Graduates were commissioned as ensigns in the U.S. Naval Reserve and the majority entered into active duty with the U.S. fleet.²

Marines

• Marine Corps candidates reported directly to boot camp and were later enrolled in a three-month officer candidate course. Once complete, participants were commissioned as second lieutenants in the Marine Corps.¹

When the United States entered the Second World War, American colleges and universities suffered huge enrollment declines. Men of prime draft age who would normally have gone into college (or would have remained enrolled until their course of study was completed) were either drafted, volunteered for service, or dropped out and took jobs in agriculture or war-related industries. As a result, some colleges worried they would have to close their doors for the duration of the conflict.

On October 14, 1942, the American Council on Education issued a report on how best to use colleges and universities for the war effort. The plan recommended that a "college training corps" be established on college and university campuses, that members of the corps be in uniform and receive active-duty pay, and that graduates be trained in technical specialties that were of use to the Army and the Navy. President Franklin D. Roosevelt agreed with this report, and asked the Secretary of War and Secretary of the Navy how best they could use higher education in their mobilization plans. The V-12 Navy college training program and the Army Specialized Training Program were jointly announced on December 12, 1942.³ The V-12 program found more favor with college administrators than did the ASTP. Unlike the ASTP, V-12 students were allowed to attend classes with civilian students and participate in athletics. The majority of the basic curriculum consisted of classes already taught by civilian instructors.⁴ Depending on the V-12 enrollees' past college curriculum, they were enrolled in three school terms, or semesters, which lasted four months each.

Captain Arthur S. Adams, from the Training Division of the Bureau of Naval Personnel, was the officer-in-charge of the V-12 program.¹ Richard Barrett Lowe, future Governor of Guam and American Samoa, was one of its early commanding officers.⁵

The V-12 program was economically and functionally beneficial to undergraduate colleges and universities in maintaining enrollments during a general mobilization of manpower for the war, and also met and exceeded the critical needs of the military.¹

Unlike the ASTP, the Navy predominantly chose small, private colleges for V-12 detachments. Of the 131 institutions selected for line units, approximately 100 could be considered "small," and eighty-eight were private institutions. Eleven were associated with the Roman Catholic Church. Land grant and state flagship universities accounted for only eighteen of the 131 detachments.⁶ After the V-12 Program got underway on July 1, 1943, public and private college enrollment increased by 100,000 participants, helping reverse the sharp wartime downward trend.¹

• Cornell University
• University of Notre Dame¹
• Northwestern University
• Villanova University

• George Allen, football coach (Alma College & Marquette University)
• Howard Baker, U.S. Senator from Tennessee (University of the South & Tulane University)
• Angelo Bertelli, Notre Dame football star and Heisman Trophy Winner
• John Robert Beyster, founder, SAIC, Foundation for Enterprise Development, and Beyster Institute
• D. Dudley Bloom, youngest ship commander in the U. S. Navy during World War II; commander of the flagship of the Atlantic fleet; inventor of rolling luggage and reality-based children's toys
• Harry Bonk, played college football as a fullback for the University of Maryland from 1945 to 1948, and Dartmouth College and Bucknell University in 1944
• Frederick C. Branch, first African American United States Marine Corps officer (Purdue University)
• M. Scott Carpenter, Project Mercury astronaut (Colorado College and Saint Mary's College of California).
• Earl H. Carroll, United States federal judge for the United States District Court for the District of Arizona¹¹⁸
• Johnny Carson, television personality (Millsaps College & Columbia University)
• Warren Christopher, 63rd U.S. Secretary of State (University of Redlands)
• Samuel Kelly Clark (1924-2006), University of Michigan mechanical engineering professor known for research on tire mechanics
• Henry S. Coleman (1926–2006), acting dean of Columbia College, Columbia University who was held hostage during the Columbia University protests of 1968.¹¹⁹
• Jackie Cooper, actor from Los Angeles, California, attained rank of Captain
• Roger Corman, filmmaker from Los Angeles, California (Stanford University)
• John Piña Craven, helped pioneer the use of Bayesian search techniques to locate objects lost at sea
• Bill Daley, All-American fullback who played for the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers from 1940–1942 and the University of Michigan Wolverines in 1943
• Robert V. Daniels, American historian and educator specializing in the history of the Soviet Union
• Alvin Dark, Major League Baseball Player and Manager, (LSU & University of Louisiana-Lafayette)
• Jeremiah Denton, U.S. Senator, U.S. Navy Rear Admiral, Naval Aviator, Vietnam POW
• Alfred J. Eggers, NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics), NASA
• Bump Elliott, American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator, played halfback at Purdue University (1943–1944) and the University of Michigan (1946–1947)⁶⁶
• Daniel J. Evans, Senator, Governor
• Jim Fitzgerald, businessman and philanthropist (University of Notre Dame)
• Aloysius C. Galvin, American Jesuit priest, teacher, administrator, President of the University of Scranton (1965–1970)⁵⁴
• Warren Giese, South Carolina legislator and football coach
• Bernard M. Gordon, inventor and philanthropist.
• Samuel Gravely, first African-American Admiral (UCLA & Columbia University)
• Wyndol Gray, American professional basketball player in the 1940s¹²⁰
• Peter Hackes, TV Newsman, White House Correspondent
• William J. Hadden noted chaplain in both the Army and Navy, minister and desegregationist
• John Woodland Hastings, leader in the field of photobiology, especially bioluminescence, and one of the founders of the field of circadian biology
• Wilmot N. Hess, physicist, NASA Apollo Moon missions, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) hurricane research and oil spill cleanup
• Bruce Hilkene, captain and starting left tackle of the undefeated 1947 Michigan Wolverines football team¹²¹
• Elroy Hirsch, LA Rams Football Great
• Edward Kean, creator and writer of the Howdy Doody Show. (Cornell University and Columbia University)
• Robert F. Kennedy, U.S. Attorney General, U.S. Senator (Bates College and Harvard University)
• E. Henry Knoche, deputy director of the CIA, from 1976 to 1977, and acting Director of Central Intelligence in 1977
• Bowie Kuhn, Baseball Commissioner (Franklin & Marshall College and Princeton University)
• Melvin Laird, Secretary of Defense
• John Black Lee, architect in New Canaan, Connecticut
• Jack Lemmon, actor (Harvard University)
• Charles Mathias, Senator
• James McClure, Senator
• Sam Mele, right fielder, manager, coach and scout in Major League Baseball, led the Minnesota Twins to their first American League championship in 1965
• Wayne E. Meyer, regarded as the "Father of Aegis" for his service as the Aegis Weapon System Manager, founding project manager of the Aegis Shipbuilding Project Office
• William Middendorf II, Ambassador, Secretary of the Navy
• Frank N. Mitchell, Marine First Lieutenant who posthumously received the United States' highest military decoration – the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions during the Korean War
• Dade William Moeller, American health physicist, radiation and environmental protection scientist
• Daniel Patrick Moynihan, U.S. Senator from New York (Tufts University)
• Fred Negus, played college football for University of Wisconsin and University of Michigan and professional in the All-America Football Conference and the National Football League
• Clarence Charles Newcomer (1923–2005), US District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
• Paul Newman, actor, entered the program at Ohio University but had to drop out because of color blindness¹²²
• David "Sam" Peckinpah, film director (University of Louisiana-Lafayette)
• Frank Pellegrino (inventor), inventor and president of General Fibre Company
• Sidney Phillips, author, physician, U.S. Marine
• William Dale Phillips, chemist, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopist, federal science policy advisor and member of the National Academy of Sciences
• Robert C. Pierpoint, TV Newsman, White House Correspondent
• Victor Prather, American flight surgeon famous for taking part in "Project RAM", a government project to develop the space suit
• John Prchlik, NFL Player – Detroit Lions
• Al Rosen, Major League Baseball Player and Executive
• Carl T. Rowan, Columnist, TV Personality, Ambassador
• Harold Lyman Ryan, served as a federal judge on the United States District Court for the District of Idaho
• Leo Ryan, U.S. Congressman killed in Guyana immediately before the Jonestown Massacre (Bates College)
• Kenneth G. Ryder, president of Northeastern University from 1975-1989
• Pierre Salinger, Newsman, Presidential Press Secretary
• Phillip Shriver, historian and college administrator who was president of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, 1965–1981
• Leon Silver, geologist who was instrumental in training the Apollo Program astronauts in field geology.
• G. William Skinner, leading American anthropologist and scholar of China
• Eugene Sledge, Author, U.S. Marine
• William Styron, novelist and essayist (Duke University)
• Hugh Taylor, professional football player and coach
• Robert Lawson Vaught, mathematical logician, and one of the founders of model theory
• James Logan Waters, founder of Waters Corporation, a publicly traded laboratory analytical instrument and software company
• William Webster, Federal Judge, Director, CIA and FBI
• Thomas Grey "Tom" Wicker, Columnist and Author
• Roger Williams, Musician, Entertainer
• William W. Winpisinger, president of the million-member International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
• Benjamin Drake Wright, American psychometrician, largely responsible for the widespread adoption of Georg Rasch's measurement principles and models
• Zig Ziglar, author, salesperson, and motivational speaker (University of South Carolina).

• V1 — Accredited College Program and Naval ROTC (USNR classification)
• V2 — Aviation Branch (USNR classification)
• V3 — Communications (USNR classification)
• V4 — Intelligence (USNR classification)
• V5 — Aviation Cadets (USNR classification)
• V6 — General Service and Specialists (USNR classification)
• V7 — Midshipmen Officer Candidates (USNR classification)
• V8 — Aviation Pilot Training, Enlisted Reserve (USNR classification)
• V9 — WAVES Officer Candidates (USNR classification)
• V10 — WAVES Enlisted Personnel (USNR classification)
• V11 — Midshipmen Officer Candidates O (Older Group) (USNR classification)¹²³