Article · Wikipedia archive · Last revised Aug 9, 2026

Tremella

Tremella is a genus of fungi in the family Tremellaceae. All Tremella species are parasites of other fungi and most produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Over 100 species of Tremella are currently recognized worldwide. One species, Tremella fuciformis, is commercially cultivated for food.

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Aug 9, 2026
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Tremella
Gelatinous fruit body of Tremella mesenterica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Tremellomycetes
Order: Tremellales
Family: Tremellaceae
Genus: Tremella
Pers. (1801)
Type species
Tremella mesenterica
Synonyms

Epidochium Fr.
Gyraria Nees
Nakaiomyces Kobayasi

Tremella is a genus of fungi in the family Tremellaceae. All Tremella species are parasites of other fungi and most produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Over 100 species of Tremella (in its wide sense) are currently recognized worldwide. One species, Tremella fuciformis, is commercially cultivated for food.

Taxonomy

History

Tremella was one of the original genera created by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum of 1753. The name comes from the Latin tremere meaning "to tremble".1 Linnaeus placed Tremella in the algae, including within it a variety of gelatinous growths, including seaweeds, cyanobacteria, and myxomycetes, as well as fungi. Subsequent authors added additional species to this mix, until Persoon revised Tremella in 1794 and 1801, repositioning the genus within the fungi.2

Persoon's reinterpretation of Tremella was sufficiently radical to be considered a separate genus (Tremella Pers.) from that originally created by Linnaeus (Tremella L.).2 Tremella Pers. has now been conserved under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, with Tremella mesenterica as the type species.3

Current status

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that Tremella (as previously understood) is polyphyletic (and hence artificial), with most species not closely related to the type.4567 Accordingly, some species have been transferred to new genera and new families: Tremella foliacea and related species are now placed in the genus Phaeotremella within the family Phaeotremellaceae; Tremella encephala and related species are now placed in the genus Naematelia within the Naemateliaceae; Tremella moriformis and related species are now placed in the genus Pseudotremella within the Bulleraceae; and Tremella polyporina is now placed in the genus Carcinomyces within the Carcinomycetaceae.8 Several other species groups have not yet been renamed, pending further research.8

More than 500 species have been described in Tremella, but most of these are old names either of doubtful application or for species later transferred to other genera. In its strict sense the genus Tremella now contains some 30-40 species, including the type Tremella mesenterica and the cultivated species T. fuciformis.9

Description

Fruit bodies, when present, are gelatinous. In some species they are small (under 5 mm across) and pustular to pulvinate (cushion-shaped). In others they are much larger (up to 150 mm across) and may be variously lobed, cephaliform (like a brain, with folds and ridges), or foliose (with leaf-like or seaweed-like fronds). Many Tremella species, however, are hymenial parasites, producing spores within the fruit bodies of their hosts, and are only visible microscopically.4

Microscopic characters

Tremella species produce hyphae that are typically (but not always) clamped and have haustorial cells from which hyphal filaments seek out and penetrate the hyphae of the host.10 The basidia are "tremelloid" (globose to ellipsoid, sometimes stalked, and vertically or diagonally septate), giving rise to long, sinuous sterigmata or epibasidia on which the basidiospores are produced. These spores are smooth, globose to ellipsoid, and germinate by hyphal tube or by yeast cells. Conidiophores are often present, producing conidiospores that are similar to yeast cells.4

Habitat and distribution

Species are mainly parasitic on wood-rotting fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota,11 particularly on species that occur on dead attached branches. Hosts include members of the corticioid fungi and Dacrymycetales in the Basidiomycota and species of Diaporthe, other Sordariomycetes, and lichens in the Ascomycota. Some Tremella species parasitize the fruit bodies of their hosts, others parasitize the mycelium within the wood.

As a group, Tremella species occur worldwide, though individual species may have a more restricted distribution.

Species and hosts

The list below includes species of Tremella (in the wide sense) that have recently been described or redescribed based on fruit bodies. Species based on yeasts are not included. Some additional older species may also be valid, but lack a modern description. The type locality (but not the wider distribution) is given for each species together with the host fungus, where known. Species belonging to Tremella in the strict sense are marked as such, as are those that have been transferred to new genera.

Image Name Current Status Type Locality Host
Tremella anaptychiae Spain Anaptychia ciliaris12
Tremella anomala Brazil Hypoxylon spp13
Tremella arachispora Cameroon unknown14
Tremella armeniaca Tremella sensu stricto9 Costa Rica Xylaria sp?15
Tremella aurantia Naematelia aurantia USA Stereum hirsutum416
Tremella aurantialba Naematelia aurantialba China Stereum hirsutum17
Tremella aurantiolutea Mexico unknown18
Tremella australe Tremella sensu stricto19 China unknown19
Tremella australiensis Australia Stereum spp4
Tremella boninensis Tremella sensu stricto9 Japan unknown20
Tremella boraborensis Tahiti unknown
Tremella brasiliensis Tremella sensu stricto9 Brazil unknown41621
Tremella callunicola Scotland Aleurodiscus norvegicus22
Tremella caloceraticola Denmark Calocera cornea23
Tremella caloplacae Greece Caloplaca spp24(as Tremella sp. 1)
Tremella candelariellae Luxembourg Candelariella spp24
Tremella cephalodiicola Papua New Guinea Psoroma pannarioides24
Tremella cerebriformis Tremella sensu stricto9 Taiwan unknown4
Tremella cetrariellae Norway Cetrariella delisei25
Tremella cetrariicola Scotland Cetraria spp24
Tremella cheejenii Tremella sensu stricto9 China unknown9
Tremella christiansenii Denmark Physcia spp24
Tremella cladoniae Germany Cladonia spp24
Tremella clavisterigma Guatemala unknown26
Tremella coalescens Tremella sensu stricto8 USA unknown4
Tremella coccocarpiae Philippines Coccocarpia rottleri24
Tremella coffeicolor Bermuda unknown1316(as T. auricularia)
Tremella colpomaticola Denmark Colpoma quercinum23
Tremella compacta Brazil unknown27
Tremella coppinsii Sarawak Platismatia spp24
Tremella dactylobasidia Spain Dendrothele macrosporae28
Tremella dendrographae USA Dendrographa minor24
Tremella diaporthicola USA Diaporthe spp
Tremella discicola Belgium Mollisia and Pyrenopeziza spp29
Tremella dumontii Ecuador unknown18
Tremella durissima Argentina unknown26
Tremella dysenterica Tremella sensu stricto9 Brazil unknown1316
Tremella encephala Naematelia encephala Europe Stereum sanguinolentum430
Tremella erythrina Tremella sensu stricto9 China unknown9
Tremella everniae China Evernia mesomorpha24
Tremella exigua France Diaporthe spp4
Tremella fibulifera Tremella sensu stricto9 Brazil unknown
Tremella fimbriata Phaeotremella fimbriata Europe Stereum rugosum
Tremella flammea Tremella sensu stricto9 Japan
Tremella flava Tremella sensu stricto9 Taiwan Hypoxylon spp4
Tremella foliacea Phaeotremella foliacea Europe Stereum sanguinolentum
Tremella frondosa Phaeotremella frondosa Europe Stereum spp
Tremella fuciformis Tremella sensu stricto9 Brazil Annulohypoxylon archeri3132 and other Annulohypoxylon and/or Hypoxylon spp.41632
Tremella fungicola Denmark Mollisia cinerea33
Tremella fuscosuccinea Phaeotremella fuscosuccinea Taiwan unknown4
Tremella giraffa Germany Dacrymyces spp434
Tremella globispora Tremella sensu stricto9 England Diaporthe spp4
Tremella graphidastrae Papua New Guinea Graphidastra multiformis24
Tremella guangxiensis Tremella sensu stricto19 China unknown19
Tremella guttiformis Sri Lanka unknown35
Tremella haematommatis USA Haematomma puniceum24
Tremella hainanensis Tremella sensu stricto9 China unknown36
Tremella harrisii USA Polymeridium catapastum24
Tremella huuskonenii Raesaenenia huuskonenii37
Tremella hymenophaga Spain Scytinostroma odoratum38
Tremella hypocenomycis Finland Hypocenomyce spp2439
Tremella hypogymniae France Hypogymnia spp24
Tremella iduensis Tremella sensu stricto9 Japan Hypoxylon spp 20
Tremella imshaugiae USA Imshaugia aleurites40
Tremella indecorata Norway Diatrype bullata39
Tremella invasa Denmark Trechispora spp22
Tremella karstenii Finland Colpoma juniperi2339
Tremella latispora Tremella sensu stricto19 China unknown19
Tremella leptogii Peru Leptogium sp.24
Tremella lethariae Canada Letharia vulpina41
Tremella lichenicola Luxembourg Mycoblastus fucatus24
Tremella lilacea Costa Rica Diaporthe sp?15
Tremella lloydiae-candidae Tremella sensu stricto9 Japan unknown
Tremella lobariacearum Madeira Lobariaceae spp24
Tremella macroceratis Norway Cladonia macroceras24
Tremella mangensis China unknown36
Tremella mesenterella Tremella sensu stricto9 Canada Peniophora spp21
Tremella mesenterica Tremella sensu stricto9 Sweden Peniophora spp21
Tremella microcarpa Papua New Guinea lichen sp.24
Tremella microspora Naematelia microspora South Africa Stereum spp4
Tremella monospora Peru Leptogium sp.24
Tremella montis-wilhelmii Papua New Guinea Normandina simodense sp.24
Tremella moriformis Pseudotremella moriformis England Diaporthe spp4
Tremella mycetophiloides Phaeotremella mycetophiloides Japan Aleurodiscus amorphus and A. grantii42
Tremella mycophaga Phaeotremella mycophaga Canada Aleurodiscus amorphus and A. grantii42
Tremella nashii USA Usnea sorediifera43
Tremella nephromatis Canada Nephroma parile24
Tremella nieblae USA Niebla cephalota43
Tremella nigrifacta Costa Rica Diatrypella sp.15
Tremella nivalis Pseudotremella nivalis Taiwan Diatrype spp4
Tremella normandinae Hawaii Normandina pulchella24
Tremella obscura USA Dacrymyces spp34
Tremella occultifuroidea Taiwan Dacrymyces spp44
Tremella olens Tremella sensu stricto19 Australia unknown45
Tremella papuana Papua New Guinea Hypogymnia pseudobitteriana24
Tremella parmeliarum Papua New Guinea Parmotrema spp24
Tremella parmeliellae Papua New Guinea Parmeliella foliicola24
Tremella penetrans Denmark Dacrymyces spp34
Tremella pertusariae Northern Ireland Pertusaria spp24
Tremella phaeographidis England Phaeographis spp24
Tremella phaeographinae USA Phaeographina spp24
Tremella phaeophysciae Denmark Phaeophyscia orbicularis24
Tremella philippinensis Tremella sensu stricto9 Philippines unknown
Tremella poilkavensis India Biscogniauxia sp.
Tremella polyporina Carcinomyces polyporinus Scotland Postia spp34
Tremella protoparmeliae England Protoparmelia spp24
Tremella pseudocyphellariae Mauritius Pseudocyphellaria desfontainii
Tremella psoroglaenae Papua New Guinea Psoroglaena spp24
Tremella psoromicola Chile Psoroma spp24
Tremella puncteliae Mexico Punctelia borreri
Tremella puncteliotegens New Zealand Punctelia borreri
Tremella purpurascentis USA Dirinaria purpurascens
Tremella pyrenaica France Lecanora polytropa
Tremella ramalinae Mexico Ramalina spp24
Tremella ramboidiae USA Ramboldia haematites
Tremella resupinata Tremella sensu stricto9 Taiwan Hypoxylon spp4
Tremella rhabdodisci Japan Rhabdodiscus inalbescens
Tremella rhizocarpicola Norway
Tremella rinodinae Denmark Rinodina spp24
Tremella robusta USA Roccellina fransciscana
Tremella rosea Austria unknown
Tremella roseolutescens Tremella sensu stricto9 Costa Rica unknown15
Tremella rubromaculata Tremella sensu stricto9 Guatemala unknown26
Tremella salmonea Tremella sensu stricto9 China unknown9
Tremella samoensis Tremella sensu stricto9 Samoa unknown
Tremella sanguinea Phaeotremella46 China Stereum sp.
Tremella santessonii Zimbabwe Usnea spp24
Tremella sarcographae Brazil Sarcographa medusulina
Tremella sarniensis Guernsey Phanerochaete sordida22
Tremella seclusa France unknown
Tremella silvae-dravedae Denmark unknown23
Tremella simplex Phaeotremella simplex Canada Aleurodiscus amorphus2242
Tremella spicifera Belgium Massarina arundinacea47
Tremella steidleri Czech Republic Stereum hirsutum30
Tremella stevensiana Australia Usnea confusa24
Tremella stictae Rwanda Sticta weigelii24
Tremella strigulae USA Strigula stigmatella
Tremella subalpina Russia unknown
Tremella subencephala Canada Acanthophysium lividocoeruleum42
Tremella subfibulifera Tremella sensu stricto19 Brazil unknown19
Tremella subrubiginosa Tremella sensu stricto9 Panama unknown
Tremella sulcariae China Sulcaria sulcata24
Tremella synarthoniae USA Synarthonia inconspicua
Tremella taiwanensis Tremella sensu stricto9 Taiwan unknown4
Tremella tawa Tremella sensu stricto9 New Zealand unknown48
Tremella telleriae Spain Postia spp38
Tremella teloschistis USA Teloschistes exilis
Tremella tornabeae Canary Islands Tornabea scutellifera
Tremella translucens Phaeotremella translucens Scotland Lophodermium spp49(as Sirotrema translucens)
Tremella tremelloides Naematelia35 USA Stereum sp.35
Tremella tropica Tremella sensu stricto9 Taiwan unknown4
Tremella tubulosae Scotland Hypogymnia tubulosa
Tremella tuckerae USA Ramalina sinensis43
Tremella umbilicariae Peru Umbilicaria sp.
Tremella versicolor England Peniophora spp2242
Tremella vesiculosa New Zealand Xylaria sp?48
Tremella volcanagua Guatemala unknown26
Tremella wedinii USA
Tremella wirthii Germany Protoparmelia sp.24
Tremella wrightii Cuba unknown16
Tremella xanthomendozae USA Gallowayella weberi
Tremella yokohamensis Tremella sensu stricto9 Japan unknown
Tremella zamorae USA Lecanora louisianae
Tremella zhejiangensis Tremella sensu stricto50 China unknown50
References

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