Snug Harbor

Sailors' Snug Harbor
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark District
New York City Landmark
Temple Row
Location	1000 Richmond Terrace, Staten Island, New York, US1
Coordinates	40°38′33″N 74°06′10″W / 40.64250°N 74.10278°W / 40.64250; -74.10278
Built	1831–1833 (Building C), 1840–1917 (subsequent buildings)
Architect	Various, including: Minard Lafever and Richard Smyth (Temple Row) James Solomon (Veterans Memorial Hall) Louis Jallade (Great Hall) Robert W. Gibson (Music Hall)
Architectural style	Greek Revival, Beaux Arts, Italianate, Victorian
NRHP reference No.	72000909
NYCL No.	0022–0027, 0742–0743, 1204–1205
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	March 16, 19722
Designated NHLD	December 8, 19763
Designated NYCL	October 14, 1965 (landmarks 0022–0027: buildings A–E and chapel) May 15, 1973 (landmarks 0742–0743: iron fence and gatehouse) October 12, 1982 (landmarks 1204–1205: interiors of building C and chapel)

Snug Harbor is an 83-acre (34 ha) campus containing more than two dozen architecturally significant buildings set along the Kill Van Kull on the North Shore of Staten Island in New York City, New York, US. It functioned as Sailors' Snug Harbor, a retirement home for sailors, during the 19th and 20th centuries. Since 1976, the buildings and grounds have been managed by Snug Harbor Cultural Center and Botanical Garden as a cultural center complex and used by various cultural and arts organizations. The entire complex is a National Historic Landmark district, and several structures are New York City designated landmarks.

Captain Robert Richard Randall bequeathed funds and land for a sailors' home upon his 1801 death. Fights over his will delayed the complex's development and forced its trustees to find a new site, where building C, the first structure at Snug Harbor, opened in 1833. Additional structures were built on the grounds in later years. Following a prolonged preservation dispute and several redevelopment proposals in the 1960s and 1970s, the institution moved to North Carolina. The Snug Harbor Cultural Center, a nonprofit organization affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution, has gradually renovated the grounds and many buildings over the years.

The buildings at Snug Harbor are designed in the Greek Revival, Beaux Arts, Italianate, and Victorian styles. Among those are buildings A–E, five interlocking Greek Revival structures known as Temple Row. The buildings are set in extensively landscaped grounds, surrounded by a cast iron fence. The grounds also include other structures such as a chapel and the Music Hall, along with the 55-acre (22 ha) Staten Island Botanical Garden. The Snug Harbor Cultural Center operates some of its own facilities and programs, including the botanical garden, the Newhouse Center for Contemporary Art, and the Music Hall. Other space is leased to institutions such as the Staten Island Children's Museum and the Staten Island Museum.

Snug Harbor was founded through a bequest after the 1801 death of Revolutionary War soldier and ship master Captain Robert Richard Randall.⁴⁵ US Founding Father Alexander Hamilton and later US Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins are sometimes credited with having written Randall's will,⁶⁷ though the extent of their involvement is disputed.⁶ The will bequeathed much of his estate for public use.⁵⁸ His country manor in what is now Greenwich Village, Manhattan,^a was reserved as an institution "aged, decrepit and worn-out sailors", which he called "Sailors' Snug Harbor";¹⁶¹³ the phrase "snug harbor" referred to a comfortable retreat.¹⁷ The 21-acre (8.5 ha) tract, which Randall had acquired in 1790,⁸¹⁸ was assembled from the land grants of two 17th-century Dutch colonists.¹⁸ Retirement benefits for the elderly had not yet been established in the US,¹⁹²⁰ and sailors could not receive such benefits until well into the 20th century.²¹

Randall's will provided for the establishment of a board of trustees,²²²³ which included the mayor of New York City, the president and vice president of the Marine Society, senior ministers of Trinity Church and First Presbyterian Church, the head of the New York Chamber of Commerce,²²¹⁵²⁴ and some later-abolished government positions.^2526b All changes not explicitly stated in the will required judicial approval,²⁸ and external gifts were banned.²² Following delays, prompted by questions over whether governmental interests could legally have a vested interest in Randall's estate,²⁹ the board of trustees was incorporated on February 6, 1806.¹⁵²⁹ The trustees held their first meeting on April 21.³⁰ In the meantime, the Manhattan property was leased as a farm.¹⁵³⁰

As early as 1817, the northward development of Manhattan had prompted the trustees to look elsewhere for a retirement home.³¹ Several challenges to Randall's will were also initiated, delaying further progress.⁹³² One challenge came from a Stephen Brown, who alleged that Randall had been derelict in his duty as the executor of Brown's grandfather's estate; the trustees did not acknowledge Brown's claim.³³ Another was initiated in 1826 by Anglican Bishop John Inglis of Nova Scotia, a distant cousin of Randall's, who claimed he was an heir to Randall's estate. Inglis, one of his cousins, and Brown filed claims against Randall's Manhattan property.³⁴ Inglis's lawsuit was eventually escalated to the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in favor of the trustees.³⁵³⁶

By the time the will challenges were settled, the once-rural land around the Manhattan site had been developed, and Snug Harbor's trustees decided to maximize profits by renting out the land.⁷⁸³⁷ They changed the proposed site of the institution to a 130-acre (53 ha) plot on Staten Island overlooking the Kill Van Kull,⁹³⁷ which had belonged to Isaac Houseman.³⁸ The initial site was purchased in May 1831.⁴⁹³⁸ The trustees later bought 21 acres (8.5 ha) and leased another 36 acres (15 ha);³⁹ their assemblage gradually expanded to 200 acres (81 ha).¹⁵ The institution retained the Manhattan property, leasing out the grounds for 21-year periods.²⁶⁴⁰ Structures such as apartment buildings,⁴¹ department stores,⁴² the campus of New York University,⁴³ and Washington Mews were developed on the sites.⁴⁴

The institution then looked to develop the first of what was to become five Greek Revival buildings.⁴⁵⁴⁶ The trustees began soliciting construction bids after buying the site⁹³⁹ and began constructing a dock in July 1831.⁹ Work on the first structure, now building C, had begun by September,⁹ with a cornerstone laying ceremony that October⁸⁴⁶ or November.⁴⁷ Minard Lafever was involved with the original design but departed abruptly, leaving Samuel Thomson & Son to finish the work.⁴⁶⁴⁸ Building C was completed in August 1833,⁸⁴⁹ initially housing 37 retired sailors.⁷⁴⁹⁵⁰ John Whetten was appointed as the institution's first governor that year.⁵¹⁵² Snug Harbor may have been one of the US's first retirement homes, though it was patterned after older institutions abroad, such as the Greenwich Hospital, London.⁷ Many of the initial residents were poor or disabled,⁵³ and annual operating costs initially ran to $88.50 per resident (equivalent to $2,953 in 2025).⁵⁴

Tenancy at Snug Harbor was granted only to US citizens,¹² who had served at least ten years on a foreign vessel or five years^c in the United States Navy or on an American civilian vessel.⁵⁶⁵⁷ Residents were generally accepted if they were at least 60 years old or disabled,⁵⁸⁵⁹ and sailors with sufficient tenure were accepted regardless of their demographics or rank.⁷⁵⁴ Residents could be rejected for moral turpitude, contagious diseases, or alcoholism,⁵⁴ and other maritime tradesmen were refused admission if they were not sailors.⁶⁰

The residents were described by 19th-century sources as "inmates",²²⁴⁵ though this term was no longer used by the 20th century.²¹⁶¹ Residents were locally also known as "snugs"⁵⁰⁶¹ or "snuggies".⁶² While staff addressed all residents as "captain" regardless of their real-world rank,⁷⁶¹⁶³ in practice, there was an implicit hierarchy based on residents' real-world ranks and service.¹⁰ There were relatively few rules, other than that residents be well-behaved, keep their rooms tidy, and abide by a curfew.¹³⁵⁸⁶⁴ Outside of curfew hours, residents were welcome to come or go as they pleased,⁶¹⁶⁵ and they could stay with families or friends for extended periods.⁶⁶⁶⁷ Initially, the only exception was Sunday, when they were required to attend church on-site,⁶⁸ though even this was no longer compulsory by the 1890s.⁶⁷

The complex had a kitchen and infirmary, alongside various amenities such as workshops, recreation rooms, theater, library, chapel, and music hall.⁵⁸⁶²⁶⁹ It had a dedicated fire department, power plant, and stores.⁷⁰ Three meals were served daily in the complex's mess halls.⁵⁹⁶⁶ There was also a farm,⁷¹⁷² along with other structures such as a greenhouse, piggery, and creamery.⁷² Though residents had few responsibilities, some had voluntary side jobs,⁷³⁷⁰ although they could not work off-complex.⁷⁴ Residents grew food and crops such as tobacco⁵⁷ and wormwood,⁷² and they engaged in other activities such as model shipbuilding¹³⁷⁵ and games such as cribbage, billiards, and pinochle.⁷³ They also received regular allotments of liquor and tobacco,⁶⁷¹² and two suits a year.⁶⁷

Snug Harbor was managed by a succession of governors, many of whom were former captains,⁶⁵ and it employed matrons, who did housework.⁷³ Deceased residents were buried in Snug Harbor's cemetery.⁷⁶⁷⁰ More buildings were added over the years as the population increased.⁷ Until the mid-20th century, Snug Harbor hosted few outside events;⁷⁶ the grounds were sometimes opened for golf tournaments.⁷⁷

Starting with John Whetten, and with few exceptions, most of Snug Harbor's governors from 1831 to the 1960s were Marine Society members.⁷⁸ Randall's corpse was disinterred from St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery in 1834 and reinterred at Snug Harbor,⁸⁷⁶ where a granite obelisk was built.⁵⁴ Some residents, unaccustomed to civilian societal norms, initially got into fights,⁵⁰¹⁰ and numerous serially-inebriated residents reportedly took to theft.⁷⁹ The complex had 85 residents by 1839,⁸⁰ nearly half of building C's 200-person capacity.⁸¹ This prompted the construction of wings on either side between 1840 and 1842.⁸⁰⁸¹ The institution recorded its first black resident in 1842.⁸² The same year, to address Whetten's concerns about misdeeds committed by Snug Harbor's more alcoholic residents,⁷⁹ a fence around the property was built starting that year.⁸³⁸⁴ Whetten retired in 1844.⁸⁵

Augustus F. De Peyster took over as Snug Harbor's second governor in 1845⁷⁹⁵¹ and was by some accounts more well-liked by Whetten.⁷⁸ The complex had grown to include 300 residents by 1850, about one-third of whom were non-Americans.⁸⁶ A purpose-built chapel was constructed on the grounds in 1856; previously, residents had prayed in building C.⁶⁸

Retired sea captain Thomas Melville, the brother of Moby-Dick author Herman Melville,⁸⁷ became the third governor of Snug Harbor in 1867.⁵¹⁸⁵ Under Melville's tenure, the trustees began paying residents to help with chores.⁸⁸ Melville was also accused of embezzlement during his tenure, but was later exonerated.¹⁰⁸⁸ He also oversaw the construction of the final two buildings in Temple Row,⁸⁹ which were finished in 1879–1880.⁹⁰ During Melville's governorship, black residents were required to sleep and eat in segregated areas, but were allowed to mix with other residents elsewhere.⁹¹ Melville was a strict disciplinarian, frequently punishing residents who broke the rules by putting them on the "taboo list". Residents on the list were denied their tobacco ration and could not leave the premises.⁹¹

Gustavus Trask became the fourth governor of Snug Harbor after Melville's death in 1884.⁸⁹⁹² He commissioned Augustus Saint-Gaudens to design a statue of Randall,⁸⁹ which was cast the same year;⁹³⁹⁴ building C's interior was also renovated that year.⁴⁴⁵ During Trask's tenure, several residents were investigated on suspicion of having sold their votes in the 1888 US presidential election.⁹⁵⁹⁶ Trask also commissioned a church and a music hall, both designed by Robert W. Gibson.⁴⁵⁹⁷ Snug Harbor's Music Hall was finished in July 1892,⁴⁵ followed by the Randall Memorial Church the next year.⁹⁸⁶⁸ The original chapel was also moved about 200 feet (61 m) in 1893.⁹⁹¹⁰⁰ During that decade, the trustees unsuccessfully attempted to obtain tax exemptions.¹⁰¹

Trask resigned in 1898 following accusations of misconduct,¹⁰²¹⁰³ being replaced by Daniel Delehanty.¹⁰³¹⁰⁴ Subsequently, Delehanty instituted several major reforms, including eliminating several rules, hiring additional staff, and expanding the hospital.¹⁰⁵ Snug Harbor had about 1,000 residents at the beginning of the 20th century,⁶³¹⁰⁶ many of whom had decades of service as sailors;¹⁰⁷ they occupied rooms with one to five people each.¹⁰⁸ The complex had grown to include numerous buildings,^d along with forests and the complex's farm.²⁴ The institution itself had become was one of the city's wealthiest,⁶³¹¹⁰ earning about $400,000 annually.¹⁰⁹¹¹¹ It earned an annual surplus of $100,000 from renting out the Manhattan sites⁴⁵ and had become one of Manhattan's largest landowners.¹¹² By then, many of the residents were nearing or above age 90, and an average of fifty residents died every year.⁷⁰ Although residents frequently attended events at the Music Hall, less than 10% attended church because Sunday service was no longer compulsory.⁷⁰⁹⁷

Snug Harbor's residents were disenfranchised in the early 1900s because of voting restrictions imposed on charitable institutions.¹¹³¹¹⁴ The interior of the Randall Memorial Church was destroyed in a 1904 fire.¹¹⁵ Delehanty banned non-smoking residents from receiving tobacco in 1907, following reports that some residents were illicitly reselling tobacco,¹¹⁶ and a dispute regarding rental rates for the Manhattan property arose the same year.¹¹⁷ Delehanty resigned that December and was succeeded by A. J. Newbury.¹¹⁸ One magazine wrote in 1908 that the institution was no longer using rental income to help the sailors, instead using the funds for real estate investment.⁵⁹

The trustees were considering selling the Manhattan sites by 1911; the sites' annual return on investment was 2.5%, but the trustees wanted to invest in more profitable ventures.²⁵¹¹⁹ Since Randall's will had prohibited the land from being sold, the trustees sought to change the will.²⁶¹²⁰ The New York Supreme Court ruled in 1912 that the trustees could sell the Manhattan land;⁴⁰¹⁴ disputes over the ruling continued until 1914, when the state's high court, the New York Court of Appeals, upheld the sale.¹²¹ New stained glass windows were installed at Randall Memorial Church in 1915.⁵⁵¹²² The trustees hired Louis Jallade that year to design a new recreation building,¹²³ which opened in 1917 as the Great Hall.¹²⁴ Newbury remained governor until his death in 1919,¹²⁵ when George Ernest Beckwith was appointed in his place.¹²⁶⁵⁵ The trustees loosened the bylaws during Beckwith's tenure.⁵⁵

Sailors' Snug Harbor had a $2 million surplus by 1922, though the trustees refused to release more details about their finances than necessary.¹²⁷ Snug Harbor continued to host events for its residents, many of whom were elderly.¹²⁸ The complex had 30 buildings across 150 acres (61 ha).¹¹¹²⁸ A section of the site to the south was sold in 1927 to developers, who built the neighborhood of Randall Manor.¹²⁹ By the early 1930s, Snug Harbor had around 900 residents and 200–300 staff members.²²¹³⁰ The institution's holdings were valued at $20 million⁵⁶ or $30 million,⁵⁸¹³¹ enough to sustain it despite the Great Depression.¹³¹ By then, the age requirement for residency had been raised to 65 years, due to high demand for space in Snug Harbor, although disabled sailors were still exempted.⁵⁶ At the complex's centennial, it had accommodated 9,200 total residents.¹³⁰

Residents' voting rights were restored in 1932,¹¹⁴¹¹³ and a plaque celebrating the complex's centennial was dedicated in April 1934.¹³⁰ After Beckwith died in mid-1934,¹²⁶ Howard A. Flynn took over as Snug Harbor's governor.⁵⁶¹³² The number of residents began to decline in the mid-20th century due to several factors.⁶³¹⁰⁷¹ The establishment of Social Security in the 1930s provided retirement benefits to every American, reducing the need for facilities like Snug Harbor;¹⁹¹³³ additionally, revenues from the Manhattan properties decreased, and resources were diverted after the outbreak of World War II.⁶³ There were also fewer sailors in general, with the growing popularity of trains and, later, automotive travel.²⁰

Snug Harbor's trustees offered to donate 9 acres (3.6 ha) of the Staten Island campus to the city government in 1940, but Mayor Fiorello La Guardia accused the trustees of using the gift to evade taxes.¹³⁴ The New York City Board of Estimate ultimately accepted the land donation in 1943.¹³⁵ The city government also considered taking over Snug Harbor, particularly the Randall Memorial Church,¹³⁶ but the city's corporation counsel determined that Randall's will prohibited such a gift.¹³⁷ The American entry into World War II prompted many residents to enter or re-enter the armed forces.¹³⁸¹³⁹ Flynn served as the institution's governor until 1947,¹⁴⁰¹⁴¹ and he was succeeded by Henry R. Patterson.^142141e By then, Snug Harbor was increasingly relying on outside consultants' advice, as some trustees, including the mayor, never showed up to meetings.¹⁴⁴ Mayor William O'Dwyer announced his intention to leave the board of trustees in 1949,¹⁴⁵ receiving judicial approval.²⁷ Also in 1949, the state attorney general sued the trustees after finding that residents were being charged fees;¹⁴⁶¹⁴⁷ the suit was dropped when the fees were ended.¹⁴⁸

Snug Harbor was in financial difficulty by 1950, with about 375 remaining residents.¹³⁶ That year, 23 buildings were demolished as part of a master plan created by Otis N. Auer and Harvey Wiley Corbett,⁵³ the first major change to the campus since World War I.¹⁴⁹ The work included adding or upgrading mechanical systems and consolidating activities in the remaining buildings.¹⁴⁹ The trustees announced plans in 1951 to demolish the Randall Memorial Church.¹⁵⁰¹⁵¹ Despite proposals to save the chapel,^152153154 it was demolished in 1952.¹⁵⁵¹⁵⁴ The trustees also razed the complex's old hospital,¹⁵¹ which was replaced by a new infirmary.¹⁵⁶ The complex's farm, the only one surviving on Staten Island's North Shore in the 1940s,¹⁵⁷ was leased to developers who built apartments there.⁵³¹⁵⁸

Patterson retired in 1952, and his successor, Charles Baldwin,¹⁴²¹⁴³ promised not to make further changes or sell property.¹⁵⁹ After Baldwin died in early 1955,¹⁴²¹⁶⁰ Frank Hickok served as interim governor until William C. Twigg was appointed permanently in 1956.¹⁴²¹⁶¹ By that decade, Snug Harbor was struggling financially;¹⁶²¹⁶³ rental income from the Manhattan sites was insufficient to finance even a renovation of the Staten Island buildings.¹⁶³ The institution's staff hierarchy was reorganized in the 1950s,¹⁵³ and there was talk of converting Snug Harbor to a community college campus.¹⁶⁴ Though the trustees initially disagreed on whether to transfer many management duties to a new director's position,¹⁶⁵ they eventually employed a succession of directors.¹⁵³ The trustees also began allowing public events in the mid-20th century,⁷⁶ including graduation ceremonies¹⁶⁶ and art shows.¹⁶⁷ The institution still operated with few rules, though they did start charging fees for items to raise money.⁶¹ The number of residents had declined to just over 300.⁶¹⁶⁹

Twigg died in 1961,¹⁶⁸ and the next year he was replaced by Sidney Trew.¹⁴²¹⁶⁹ By then, younger sailors were increasingly living with their families, and retirement benefits had reduced demand by so much that each remaining resident had their own room.⁶⁹ During that time, the trustees proposed redeveloping part of the site,¹⁷⁰¹⁷¹ including constructing an apartment building on some vacant land.¹⁷²¹⁷¹ The trustees tried to have the surrounding land rezoned for retail but were rejected twice;¹⁷³ the proposal did not proceed due to financial difficulties.¹⁷¹ They ignored local residents' pleas that the area around the complex be rezoned to prohibit high-rises.¹⁷¹ City officials alternatively suggested turning the grounds into a park, allowing the trustees to pay reduced property taxes.¹⁷¹ By the mid-1960s, the complex had an annual maintenance outlay of $1.1 million,¹⁷⁴ which the leases in Manhattan could not cover.¹⁶² The trustees unsuccessfully tried to sell the Staten Island property to the city.¹⁷⁵

The complex admitted its first female resident in 1965,¹⁷⁶ The trustees also contemplated allowing married couples to live at the complex, which previously had been restricted to men without spouses.^176177146 The plans included a new clinic, apartments, and cottages.¹⁷⁷¹⁷⁸ The new structures would replace dormitory buildings A, B, D, and E,¹⁷⁹ which had been cited for building-code violations.¹⁷⁸ In October 1965, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated buildings A–E and the chapel as six of the city's first 20 official landmarks.¹⁸⁰ Snug Harbor's trustees generally opposed the four dormitories' designations,¹⁴⁴¹⁸¹ which the Board of Estimate ratified that December.¹⁸² In 1966, Snug Harbor's trustees asked the court for permission to charge fees and admit sailors' wives for the first time.¹⁷⁶¹⁸³ New York Attorney General Louis J. Lefkowitz endorsed admitting women but initially opposed the planned rental fees;¹⁸⁴ he later approved the fees.¹⁸⁵

The institution began charging rent in May 1967, and residents unsuccessfully sued to stop it.²⁸ Concurrently, the New York Supreme Court ruled that the trustees could not be compelled to pay the maintenance costs that were mandated as a result of the landmark designations.¹⁸⁶¹⁸⁷ The ruling effectively voided the designation, allowing redevelopment to resume,²⁸¹⁸⁸ but the LPC sued to have the designation restored.²⁸¹⁸⁹ The Cultural Arts Council made a competing proposal in December 1967, which called for the buildings to be converted into a cultural center.¹⁸⁹ The Supreme Court's Appellate Division upheld the landmark designations in 1968.¹⁷⁰¹⁹⁰ Separately, Lefkowitz sued the trustees on allegations of "mismanagement and waste"; the suit was dropped for a lack of evidence.¹⁸⁶ The idea of donating the landmarked buildings to the city was first proposed in late 1968.¹⁸⁸ The proposal was not given serious consideration at the time,¹⁹¹ but Snug Harbor trustees dropped their plans to demolish some buildings.¹⁹² Trew resigned the same year, and Leo Kraszeski took over,¹⁹³ quickly being promoted to Snug Harbor's directorship.¹⁹⁴

By the 1970s, the New York State Department of Health found that Snug Harbor's infirmary building did not meet modern building codes.¹⁹¹¹⁹⁵ The trustees were losing money operating the Staten Island campus¹⁹⁶¹⁹⁷ and could barely afford a new infirmary.¹⁹¹ Snug Harbor's trustees drew up plans for a new infirmary in 1970, which were rejected by both the LPC and the Health Department.¹⁹¹ By then, the Staten Island Museum—one of the founding members of the Staten Island Institute of Arts & Sciences, which wanted the city to buy the entire site¹⁹⁸—wished to move into one of the buildings.¹⁹² The city government announced plans in February 1971 to acquire 13 acres (5.3 ha) of the site, including the six landmarked buildings.¹⁹¹¹⁹⁹ The trustees asked the Manhattan surrogate's court for permission to sell the existing site and relocate to Sea Level, North Carolina,¹⁹⁷ which the trustees chose after considering several other sites in the American South.²⁰⁰ Lefkowitz opposed the move, accusing the trustees of neglecting the site,²⁰¹²⁰² and many of the 170 remaining residents also lodged objections.²⁰¹

The builder Sigmund Sommer offered to buy 65 acres (26 ha) of the remaining land in February 1972,²⁰³²⁰⁴ with plans to develop 21 buildings there.²⁰⁴²⁰⁵ The city-owned site was designated as parkland the next month.²⁰⁶ The city finalized the purchase of its portion of the site that September,²⁰⁷ and the Manhattan surrogate's court approved the Snug Harbor trustees' relocation in November.²⁰⁵²⁰⁸ Following objections to Sommer's plans, the city announced plans to acquire his land as well,²⁰⁴²⁰⁹ and the Board of Estimate designated Sommer's site as parkland in August 1973.²⁰⁶ The city government proposed $7.2 million for Snug Harbor in its 1973–1974 capital budget,²¹⁰ which paid for Sommer's land.¹⁹⁵ In total, the two land acquisitions totaled either $8.7 million,¹⁹⁵ $9.2 million,²¹¹ or $9.7 million.²⁰⁴²¹²

The sailors' home remained open temporarily, despite multiple inspections that discovered violations of health codes,²¹³ as the construction of the Sea Level facility had been delayed.¹⁹⁵²¹⁴ Officials from the city government and the retirement home also argued over who should repair the buildings, some of which were unusable.²¹⁵ The 1975 New York City fiscal crisis left the city government unable to finance even minor maintenance; it eventually managed to procure $82,000 for emergency repairs in mid-1976.²¹⁶²¹² The state legislature also approved $4.5 million for repairs in 1975.²¹⁷²¹⁸ By that decade, the complex regularly hosted parties and other events.⁸⁵

In June 1976, the institution moved to Sea Level,^214219220 having dwindled to about 100²²¹ or 200 people.²²² The institution's expenses had increased to $9,000 annually per resident.¹⁹⁶ Two sailors initially held out, even after losing essential services and receiving eviction notices;²²³ they, too, left in September 1976.²²⁴ Kraszeski remained with the relocated institution until 1986.²²⁵ The original institution considered returning to building C in the late 1990s, shuttering its remaining retirement-home operations.²³²²⁶ This did not occur,²²⁶ and the trustees stopped operating the retirement home in 2000s, shifting their focus to distributing funds to sailors.²²⁷²²⁸

The retirement home continued to operate until 2019, when it closed permanently due to damage from Hurricane Florence and Hurricane Dorian.²²⁹ The original board of trustees, known formally as Trustees of the Sailors' Snug Harbor in the City of New York, still exists as of 2023²³⁰²³¹ and is headquartered in Manhattan.²²⁷ It continues to provide financial support to sailors using funds from the endowment.²²⁸²³² The Sailors' Snug Harbor Archives are preserved at the Stephen B. Luce Library at the State University of New York's Maritime College.²¹¹²³³

After the city acquired the land, the Staten Island Museum announced plans to move there,²³⁴ while Children's Aid agreed to maintain Snug Harbor's burial ground.²¹⁹ Ten trustees were appointed to the Snug Harbor Center Development Committee in January 1975.²³⁵ The group was incorporated that December as a nonprofit organization, the Snug Harbor Cultural Center, to maintain the facility and host events.²³⁶ The cultural center requested that the sailors' home lend them two paintings, a tray, a uniform, and a portrait of Thomas Melville.²¹⁹ The center took over the complex's operations in July 1976¹⁷⁸ and began offering private tours of the complex that August.²³⁷ In conjunction with the United States Bicentennial,²³⁸ the complex hosted its first public event on September 12, 1976, with 15,000 attendees.²³⁹

From the outset, Snug Harbor faced funding shortages,²¹² with a full renovation estimated at $13.2 million.²¹⁶ Emergency repairs were budgeted at $40,000, while facade stabilization was estimated at $750,000.²⁴⁰ Although the grounds were in good condition, the buildings needed upgrades to varying degrees.²¹⁶ The Staten Island Botanical Garden became the center's first major tenant in 1977,²⁴⁰ although it did not have physical facilities initially.²⁴¹ The cultural center's first director, Michael T. Sheehan, was appointed the next year.²⁴² Although the entire complex had been designated as a National Historic Landmark district in 1976, making it eligible for federal preservation funds, cultural center officials were not notified for more than two years.²⁴³

In 1979, the US government provided a $100,000 grant for the renovation of Snug Harbor's chapel,²¹⁷ though it rejected another grant of $588,000 to restore building C.²⁴⁴ Another $650,000 was donated by the Staten Island War Memorial Association,²⁴⁵ later increased to $800,000, which was used to renovate the complex's chapel.⁹⁹ The state government released $1.14 million of the state legislature's 1975 grant to pay for emergency repairs.²⁴⁶ The city and state government provided funding to pay annual expenses, while the cultural center raised additional funds raised independently from donations, memberships, and other sources.²¹⁸ Although a 1980 bill allowed the federal government to take over Snug Harbor as part of the Gateway National Recreation Area,²⁴⁷ this was not being planned yet.²¹⁸

The cultural center initially struggled with funds, being unable to pay employees' payroll tax or even buy heating oil during particularly rough periods.²⁴⁰ By the early 1980s, several art galleries had opened at Snug Harbor, and the Music Hall was about to be restored.⁵⁰ The Newhouse Gallery in Building C's main hall frequently hosted exhibitions,⁶⁵²⁴⁸ and the grounds staged live performances and shows during the summers.⁶⁵²⁴⁰ In addition to annual concerts hosted by the New York Philharmonic and Metropolitan Opera, the complex hosted events presented by the Snug Harbor Cultural Center or other institutions.²¹⁸²⁴⁸ Dozens of dormitory rooms were rented to artists,²¹⁸ and there were long-term plans to relocate multiple museums, cultural institutions, and art galleries there.²⁴⁹

The cultural center raised millions of dollars to renovate multiple buildings in the 1980s.²⁵⁰ A renovation for the Staten Island Museum was announced in 1984,²⁵¹ covering buildings A and B.²⁴⁸ Another renovation was planned for the separate Staten Island Children's Museum,²⁵⁰ located within Snug Harbor's former maintenance building.²⁵² The chapel was restored as well;¹⁰⁰²⁵⁰ it was rededicated as the Veterans Memorial Hall in May 1985¹⁰⁰ and reopened as a concert hall that October.²⁵³ Other projects planned at the complex included new parking lots, the repainting of buildings A–E, upgrades for the Botanical Garden, and restoration of building C's main hall. The cultural center hired the preservation consultant Phillip Neuberg in 1985 to oversee the multi-year renovation program.²⁵² The Children's Museum opened there in 1986,²⁴⁸²⁵⁴ and the recreation hall reopened that year as an event venue called the Great Hall.²⁵⁵ The cultural center's annual operating expenses had increased to over $1.7 million by then.²⁵⁶ Renovations of buildings A and B for the Staten Island Museum were delayed by cost overruns,²⁵⁷²⁵⁸ and the structures remained empty for decades.²⁵⁹

Rafael Viñoly won a design competition in 1987 to redesign the Music Hall as part of a $12 million project.^260261262 The Music Hall renovation was downsized and delayed after costs reached nearly $20 million.^45263264 The cultural center presented a multi-phased renovation plan in 1989, which included landscaping the grounds, renovating the existing buildings, and constructing new buildings for up to $100 million.²⁶⁵ Quennell Rothschild Associates presented a master plan for the site that year,²⁶⁶ and the Dormitory Authority of the State of New York received authorization to issue bonds to fund the renovation of several cottages.²⁶⁷ Four cottages were subsequently converted to artist dormitories,²⁶⁸ and some recital halls were also built.²⁵⁸ Thirteen of the buildings had been renovated by 1990.¹⁰⁶ A Chinese garden was under development,²⁶⁹ the gatehouse was being restored,⁸⁴ and fundraising for the Music Hall was underway.²⁷⁰ Workers also began restoring building C's main hall after part of the ceiling fell down.²⁷¹²⁷²

The complex scaled back its event offerings after experiencing major funding reductions in the early 1990s, and many renovation projects stalled;²⁷³ there were 250,000 annual visitors by then.²⁷⁴ Building D, which was leased to the Noble Maritime Collection in 1991,²⁷⁵ was in such poor condition that volunteers spent several years restoring it.²⁷⁶ The same year, the city government hired Jan Hird Pokorny to renovate ten of the buildings.²⁷⁷ Building C's main hall was rededicated in 1993,²⁷¹²⁷² followed the next year by the complex's Botanical Garden pond.²⁷⁸ In addition, work on the Music Hall began in 1996,²⁶³ after the project was downsized to $3 million.⁴⁵²⁶³ The Music Hall partially reopened the next year.^262264279 The New York Chinese Scholar's Garden was completed at Snug Harbor in June 1999.⁷²²⁸⁰ Other renovation projects in the late 1990s included a new dock and restorations of the cottages.²⁸¹

Connie Gretz's Secret Garden was dedicated at Snug Harbor in 2000,²⁸²²⁸³ and the Noble Maritime Collection opened that October.²⁸⁴²⁸⁵ During the early 2000s, the barn occupied by the Staten Island Children's Museum was expanded, and a basement gallery and an enclosed breezeway were built between the museum's two buildings.²⁸⁶²⁵⁴ A renovation of building P and the addition of the Tuscan Garden were announced in 2003,²⁸⁷ and a second phase of the Music Hall project was completed the next year.²⁶² The cultural center also began seeking tenants for building E,²⁸⁸ which was decrepit and unfit for habitation.²⁸⁹ Three other landscape projects at Snug Harbor, announced in 1998, were delayed due to a lawsuit that was voided in 2004.²⁹⁰²⁹¹ Snug Harbor also received city funding to renovate the landscape and buildings A and P,²⁹² though its leadership sought further funding to renovate four more buildings.²⁹³ The city provided more funds for the long-stalled renovation of buildings A and B in 2007,²⁹⁴²⁹⁵ and a conservation center between buildings B and H was built that year.²⁹⁴

A memorial garden to victims of the September 11 attacks opened in 2008,²⁹⁶²⁹⁷ and the Tuscan Garden opened in October 2010.²⁹⁸ Work on the Staten Island Museum buildings resumed in 2011.²⁵⁹²⁹⁹ The Veterans Memorial Hall was damaged by a burst pipe in 2014;³⁰⁰ it remained closed for years because the cultural center did not prioritize repairing it.³⁰¹ After cultural center officials reported a severe funding shortage in 2015, saying that the city's $950,000 annual appropriation was insufficient,³⁰² the city increased the annual appropriation and provided $10.5 million in capital funds.³⁰³ Although the cultural center had struggled to attract visitors in previous years, city officials believed the redevelopment of nearby St. George would entice more visitors.³⁰⁴ The Staten Island Museum moved into Building A in September 2015,³⁰⁵³⁰⁶ following a full reconstruction.²⁵⁹

Work on a restoration of the Music Hall commenced in 2019; that project was expected to be complete in two years³⁰⁷ but was delayed.³⁰⁸ Also postponed was the Staten Island Museum's plan to expand into building B by 2022.³⁰⁹ Snug Harbor remained open during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City but postponed many programs³¹⁰ and temporarily closed its buildings and Chinese garden.³¹¹ The city government provided funding in 2021 for the renovation of buildings B, G, and K, and the Children's Museum,³¹² and it subsequently allocated funds for mechanical upgrades.³⁰⁹ The Snug Harbor institution's trustees donated the burial ground to the city in 2024,³¹³ and a boardwalk, observation platform, and new entrance opened the next year.³¹⁴

Snug Harbor is located in Randall Manor on the North Shore of Staten Island in New York City.³¹⁵ It faces the Kill van Kull, a strait separating New York and New Jersey,²²¹ and is accessed by Richmond Terrace, a west–east avenue.³¹⁶ The grounds originally covered 130 acres (53 ha)⁶²¹²⁹ but have been reduced over the years to 83 acres (34 ha).^129317286f Various chestnut, oak, and pine trees are planted across the grounds, and there are landscape features such as hills and ponds.¹⁰ One of Snug Harbor's trees, a paulownia, is designated as a "great tree" by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.³¹⁸ The complex also includes a gazebo and numerous lawns,¹⁰³¹⁹ including the 7.5-acre (3.0 ha) South Meadow.³²⁰ Snug Harbor also has botanical gardens (see § Staten Island Botanical Garden), which span 55 acres (22 ha),²⁸⁹ along with parking lots.³²⁰

An iron fence, built in the Greek Revival style, surrounds the property.⁸³³²¹ The fence, dating from 1842, is variously attributed to William Alexander⁸³ or Frederick Diaper.⁸⁴ Several gates flanked by granite posts are embedded in the fence.³²¹ The grounds are accessed by numerous gatehouses that date to 1851–1875 and are designed in the Italianate, Second Empire, and Romanesque styles.³²² There are five gates: two for vehicles and three for pedestrians only. The vehicular gates are the west gate on Snug Harbor Road and the east gate on Tysen Street. The others are the north gate on Richmond Terrace, the south gate on Henderson Avenue, and the Kissel gate on Kissel Avenue at the far western end of the property.³²³

The main vehicular entrance is the western gatehouse, which dates from 1880.³²⁴ The north gatehouse on Richmond Terrace, build in 1874, is a designated city landmark.¹⁴⁴ Located in front of building C and set back from the fence, it is trapezoidal with a high central archway, flanked by guard rooms with rectangular windows. The quoins surrounding the archway and window openings are made of leftover marble and sandstone from the original structures. The top of the northern gatehouse has brick corbels supporting a cornice, along with a square cupola.³²²³²⁴ A path leads through the northern gatehouse to a marble monument to Robert Randall.¹³¹

The grounds included a 1893 zinc fountain featuring the god Neptune,³²⁵³²⁶ located between Temple Row and the governor's house.⁵¹ The New York Times described the statue as sitting "in the middle, astride a shell held aloft by sea monsters, his trident raised. Jets of water spurt from the fountain's center and from bouquets of metal calla lilies to its sides."³²⁶ A replica of the statue, cast in 1994 due to the original's extreme deterioration,³²⁵ sits on the East Lawn.³²⁰ The grounds also featured a bronze statue of Randall designed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens in 1884.⁹³⁹⁴ After the original was relocated to Sea Level in the 1980s,⁹⁴ a replica was installed in 1983.³²⁷

Deceased residents were buried in a graveyard called Monkey Hill,⁵⁷³²⁸ covering about 6 acres (2.4 ha).⁸¹ Containing up to 8,000 corpses,⁸¹³²⁸ it is located in nearby Allison Pond Park, which used to be part of the complex. The pond supplied water to Snug Harbor until 1939.³²⁹³³⁰ Much of the land was sold to the city in 1975 and turned into a public park with hiking trails,³²⁹ while the Snug Harbor trustees retained the actual burial plot until 2024.³¹³ The headstones were removed and placed into storage in the early 20th century due to vandalism;³³¹ the majority of the bodies lie in unmarked graves.³³² A brick wall surrounds the plot.³¹³³²⁹

The Snug Harbor Cultural Center has more than two dozen remaining structures from the retirement home.^g Minard Lafever's original structure, building C, was designed in the Greek Revival style. Later structures were designed in a variety of styles, such as the Beaux-Arts, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Second Empire, and Victorian styles; many of the buildings have since been demolished.³³⁶ At its peak, the site may have had either 50,^221325336 55,⁵⁷⁸¹ more than 60,⁶³ or 70 buildings.⁵³ During the complex's time as a retirement home, it had nautical decorations such as paintings, ship models, compasses, and sextants.¹³

The five interlocking Greek Revival buildings at Snug Harbor, known as Temple Row,⁷³³⁷ are located on the northern end of the grounds (near Richmond Terrace) and are known as buildings A through E from west to east.^33832690 The five buildings were designed by Lafever and Richard Smyth and were constructed from 1831 to 1880.³²⁶⁹⁰ The buildings are parallel to each other, but due to the differing facade designs, buildings B and D appear set back from buildings A, C, and E.³³⁸³³⁹ Building C was an administration building, and the other Temple Row buildings were dormitories.³²⁶⁹⁰ Brick passageways, known as "hyphens", link the five structures.⁸¹ Although the buildings use Greek Revival motifs, they are not strictly historically accurate; for example, the rear facades have incomplete motifs.³⁴⁰

These buildings were originally incorrectly attributed to Martin E. Thompson, an architect whom Lafever had followed.^9341342 According to the researcher Barnett Shepherd, Lafever was mentioned in documents from building C's construction, while Thompson, who was not, was inaccurately given credit in a book by the historian Talbot Hamlin.^341342343

Building C, also known as the Administration Building, was completed in 1833 and is Lafever's oldest surviving work.¹⁹⁰ As of 2020, building C houses part of the Newhouse Center for Contemporary Art.³⁴⁴ The building consists of two stories, a raised basement, and an attic; it is rectangular in plan with a gable roof. The main entrance contains a set of steps underneath a stone portico, consisting of eight columns supporting a classic pediment.^62339345 Early renderings show that the columns had no fluting and that the frieze and door frames were unornamented.⁴⁹ The sides of building C are eight bays wide.³⁴⁶ The rear elevation is made of brick³⁴⁶³⁴⁰ and has simpler Greek decorations.³⁴⁰

Building C was originally an administrative building with 34 rooms,⁴⁶ including bedrooms, kitchens, dining rooms, washrooms, and recreational rooms.³⁴⁶ The entrance leads to a 2+1⁄2 -story main hall with ash floors and a vaulted ceiling,³⁴⁶ which occupies one-third of the first floor.⁸⁰ Doorways lead to other rooms on the first floor and to the other buildings,³⁴⁶ and a hallway connects with the infirmary.⁵⁰ A staircase on the left (east) side of the main hall, with iron railings and wooden wainscoted walls, connects the first and second floors.³⁴⁷ The second floor consists of a balustraded balcony surrounding the main hall,³⁴⁸³⁴⁶ with fourteen doorways.³⁴⁷ The ceiling, shaped like an inverted keel,²⁸ rises from brackets at each of the main hall's corners.^80340347 It contains a central, domed skylight⁸⁰³⁴⁶ and a 20-by-100-foot (6.1 by 30.5 m) mural.²⁷² Various maritime-themed decorative elements and carvings are located on the ceiling and walls,^271340347 while clerestory windows on the north and south walls resemble the sun and moon.³⁴⁷ Some interior decorations have been replaced over the years.³⁴⁹

Buildings B and D were both designed by Minard Lafever and completed around 1840–1842.^8090h Building B is not open to the public,³²³ and building D houses the Noble Maritime Collection.²⁸⁵³⁵⁰ Both are two stories high with an attic and a high basement, and they are rectangular in plan with gable roofs. The front facades are made of smooth stone and contain a small porch with a gable³⁵¹³⁵² and a simple stoop.⁶²⁸¹⁸⁰ The structures were initially intended as dormitory buildings.³⁵³ Inside both buildings, a hallway runs from north to south, and an east–west transverse hallway connects with the hyphens.⁸⁰

Buildings A and E were both designed by Richard Smyth and completed in 1879–1880.⁹⁰ Building A is used by the Staten Island Museum,³⁰⁵ while building E, long used as a storage facility,³⁵⁴ is not open to the public.³²³ Both buildings consist of two stories and raised basement and an attic, and they are rectangular in plan with gable roofs. The main entrances of both buildings contain a set of steps underneath a stone portico, consisting of six columns supporting a classic pediment,^326353355 decorated in the Ionic order.⁸¹ The structures were originally dormitory buildings.³⁵¹

The Veterans Memorial Hall (completed 1856), formerly the chapel, was designed by local builder James Solomon.⁹⁰³⁵⁶ It is located south of the Snug Harbor Music Hall, near the campus's east end.³²³ Stylistically, it is a "transitional" building, with stylistic elements mainly rooted in Italianate architecture as well as some elements of Greek Revival architecture.³⁵⁷ The design of the chapel is based on that of a typical New England church.³⁵⁸ The chapel contains a gable roof. The front entrance consists of a tower with a belfry projecting from the front end of the chapel.³⁵⁷³²² The entrance leads to a plaster-walled vestibule with three round arches and three plaques. The brick facade has six round-arched windows on each side, separated by pilasters. At the rear is a one-story extension with an office and sacristy.³⁵⁷³²² The chapel has stained glass windows.³⁵⁸³²²

Inside is a rectangular space that could fit 600 people;³⁵⁷ in the 1980s, the capacity was reduced to 205.³⁵⁹ The space also contains wooden pews and wainscoted walls. The coved ceiling has a recessed panel with two lamps. A gallery on the north end is supported by two cast-iron columns and has recessed wood paneling. An apse at the south end surrounds a raised former altar area.³⁵⁷ At the center of an apse is a doorway to the office, which has plastered walls with bookcases built into them, as well as a stone fireplace.³⁶⁰ There are also plaques honoring Vietnam veterans.³⁵⁹ As part of the hall's 1980s renovation, a lobby, box office, and other front of house facilities were added beneath the existing chapel.³⁵⁹

When built, the main entrance was through a central round arch at the front, topped by a pediment with Doric pilasters. A round-arched window and lintel flanked the main entrance, while a full-height pilaster was located at each corner.³⁵⁷ One observer in 1873 called the chapel a "plain but handsome brick building, without any cupola or belfry."³⁶¹ The chapel's bell tower and stained glass date to 1883,⁹⁹³⁵⁷ and the entire chapel was moved in 1893.^99100357 The Veterans Memorial Hall was renovated into a concert hall in 1985,²⁵³ though it is not open to the public as of 2018.³²³

Another set of buildings, labeled F through H, are respectively located south of buildings D through B, and are connected to each other and to the buildings immediately north of them.³²³ These buildings are linked by tunnels, which are closed to the public.³⁶² When the cultural center opened, building H was used as a visitor center and concession shop, while building G was used by the Newhouse Center.³⁶³

The Great Hall and Music Hall are located east of buildings H through F.³²³ The Great Hall was designed in the Beaux-Arts style by Louis Jallade and completed in 1917, with Doric columns and a large window on one facade, and brick walls on the other facades.¹²⁴ Inside are a chandelier, wood panels, and vaulted ceiling;⁵⁰¹²⁴ the Great Hall's main hall can accommodate 450 people, while the Lower Great Hall below can hold 250 people.¹²⁴ The adjacent Music Hall, a 686-seat Greek Revival auditorium,²⁶¹ was designed by Robert W. Gibson and opened in 1892.⁴⁵ It is the second-oldest music hall in New York City, after Carnegie Hall;²⁸⁹²⁹¹ the orchestra level originally had 600 seats, while the balcony had 300 seats for trustees and their guests.^45364365

A matron's house and a maintenance building are south of buildings H through F and east of the chapel. The Staten Island Children's Museum and World Trade Center Educational Tribute are in the center of the grounds, south of the maintenance building and matron's house, while the Snug Harbor Administration building is south of the museum.³²³ On the west end of the site³²³ are five cottages;²²¹³²⁵ one is used as a gift shop, while the others accommodate uses such as film shoots and intern housing.³²⁵ The Governors' House, a Victorian structure, dates from the 19th century.²²¹³¹⁹

On the campus was formerly the Randall Memorial Church, designed in the Renaissance style¹⁵⁰⁴⁵ by Robert W. Gibson.⁴⁵³⁶⁶ The building, completed in 1893,³⁶⁷ was patterned after St. Paul's Cathedral, London.¹⁷⁵⁶² It had a floor plan shaped like a Greek cross, with four arms intersecting at an octagonal vault.³⁶⁶ The facade was made of brick and marble, with a 135-foot-tall (41 m) copper dome and a pair of turrets, while the interiors were clad in marble.³⁶⁶

Over the years, there have also been other structures, including a hospital, dining hall, and gazebo.⁸¹ The hospital, with four wings at its peak, was designed in a Greek Revival style.³⁶⁸ There was also a theater with a curtain depicting the Vanderbilt family's Staten Island farmhouse.⁴²

The Snug Harbor Cultural Center and the Staten Island Botanical Garden merged in 2008 to become the Snug Harbor Cultural Center and Botanical Garden,³⁶⁹³⁷⁰ four years after the merger was first proposed.³⁷¹ The combined entity is a Smithsonian Institution–affiliated¹¹⁰³⁷² nonprofit organization that operates the Snug Harbor complex.³⁷³³⁷⁴ In fiscal year 2023, it recorded revenue of $5.56 million, expenses of $5.48 million, assets of $5.12 million, and liabilities of $435,000.³⁷⁴

The Snug Harbor Cultural Center manages the grounds and some of its own programs, including the Staten Island Botanical Garden and the Newhouse Center.³⁰² Other occupants, including the Noble Collection, Staten Island Children's Museum, and Staten Island Museum,⁷¹³⁷⁰ lease space at the site.³⁰² Friends of Snug Harbor, a volunteer group, raises funds and hosts events and other activities.²⁴⁸ There are numerous venues for performing arts, recreation, and other cultural events throughout the complex.³³⁴ The Snug Harbor Cultural Center and the Staten Island and Children's museums are members of the city's Cultural Institutions Group (CIG), a partnership of cultural and educational institutions;³⁰² the Noble Maritime Collection also became part of the CIG in 2025.³⁷⁵ Although the grounds are accessible free of charge, some institutions and attractions charge a fee.¹¹⁰³⁷⁶

The Staten Island Botanical Garden, part of the cultural center since 1977,²⁴⁰³⁷⁷ is managed directly by the Snug Harbor Cultural Center.³⁰² Arranged based on Quennell Rothschild Associates' 1989 landscape plan,²⁶⁶ it includes landscape features such as a pond, lawns, and rows of trees and flowers.³⁷⁷ There is a conservatory known as the Carl Grillo Glass House,³⁷⁸ which hosts exhibits corresponding to three biomes.³²⁵ The grounds also contain a restaurant within a cottage,³³³ along with a 20-acre (8.1 ha) wetland.²⁹⁶²⁶⁶ The Heritage Farm, covering about 2 acres (0.81 ha) at the Botanical Garden,³⁷⁹ hosts urban-agriculture training programs.³⁸⁰

There are over 20 special gardens at the Botanical Garden.²⁶⁶³⁷⁸ Among these are the White Garden, inspired by Vita Sackville-West's garden at Sissinghurst,²⁶⁶³⁸¹ and the Lions Sensory garden, which includes plants selected for their texture, smell, and sound.³²⁰³⁸² Connie Gretz's Secret Garden, named for the late wife of a local resident, contains a moat, castle, maze, and walled secret garden.²⁸² The New York Chinese Scholar's Garden, an authentic, walled Chinese garden, was built in the style of the famous gardens of Suzhou,³²⁰³⁶⁹ with features such as pavilions and a pond.²⁸⁰ The Tuscan Garden contains terraces, pools, potted plants, and other features inspired by a similar garden at Florence's Villa Gamberaia.²⁹⁸ The Healing Garden includes a path, a wall memorializing Staten Island's 9/11 victims, a sculpture, and saplings from a tree that survived the 9/11 attacks.²⁹⁷ Other special gardens include butterfly, herb, perennial, portage, rose, and shade gardens and a Victorian pond.³⁷⁸

The Newhouse Center for Contemporary Art, established 1977, exhibits work by Staten Island residents or about Staten Island¹⁰⁶ and is also a subsidiary of the Cultural Center.³⁰² The Newhouse Center provides artist-in-residence exhibitions and 15,000 square feet (1,400 m²) of gallery space.³⁸³ Although the Newhouse was founded with a focus on artists who live or have their studios on Staten Island³⁸⁴ and art that reflects the history of Staten Island or Snug Harbor,¹⁰⁶ the Newhouse moved on to a broader focus on contemporary art. It can mount large shows and large works, along with outdoor sculpture shows.³⁸⁵³⁸⁶

The Noble Maritime Collection is a museum in building D, with a particular emphasis on the work of artist, lithographer, and sailor John A. Noble (1913–1983).²⁷⁵³⁷⁰ It opened in 2000²⁸⁵²⁸⁴ and features Noble's paintings, drawings, and other artworks.⁶³³⁸⁷ The museum also includes exhibits such as an interactive old printing press,¹⁷⁵ a replica of a houseboat Noble used as a studio,¹⁷⁵³³³ ship models,³⁰⁴ and a salvaged ferryboat light.³⁸⁸ The Washington Post called the houseboat "a home on the water and an artist's lair all in one",³³³ while The New York Sun called the Noble Collection "an unsung gem among New York museums".³⁸⁹

The Staten Island Children's Museum, which has a collection of hands-on exhibits,³⁹⁰ has been located at Snug Harbor since 1986.²⁵⁴²⁸⁹ Its three-story main building dates from 1913, spanning 20,000 square feet (1,900 m²). An enclosed walkway connects to a 6,000-square-foot (560 m²), two-story barn, dating from 1891, has exhibits of biomes.²⁵⁴

The Staten Island Museum opened a location at Snug Harbor in September 2015,³⁰⁵ later moving all its operations from its previous St. George location to building A.³⁹¹ The museum includes artwork, documents, scientific exhibits, and objects relating to the history of Staten Island.³⁷⁰

Snug Harbor is home to the Staten Island Conservatory of Music.³⁷⁰ The Children's Montessori School, located at Snug Harbor since c. 1978, is a Montessori school with mixed-age classrooms where students work independently.²⁸⁹ In addition, it contains Art Lab, a school of fine and applied art,⁷¹³⁹² which has been operating at Snug Harbor since 2000.²⁸⁹ The Council on the Arts & Humanities for Staten Island is also headquartered at Snug Harbor.³⁹³³⁹⁴ Over the years, Snug Harbor has also hosted a variety of smaller organizations.³¹⁷ Previously, these included a contract bridge club, a vocational studies program, and Alcoholics Anonymous chapters.³⁹⁵

The Snug Harbor Cultural Center provides space for artists and arts organizations as well.³¹⁷ Each year, Snug Harbor hosts the Snug Harbor Artist Residency Program, a two-month fellowship for artists;³⁹⁶³⁹⁷ eight artists are selected each year, creating artworks that are exhibited at the end of the residency.³⁹⁷ The complex also hosts activities such as dance, yoga, and martial arts,³⁹³ and it is sometimes used for weddings.³¹⁹³⁹⁴ Walking tours of the complex are hosted as well.³⁹⁴

When Snug Harbor opened, it was served by a dock, where a boathouse was built in 1879. The Staten Island Railway and local streetcars began traveling to the Staten Island Ferry at St. George Terminal in 1886, providing additional means of access.²⁸¹ The Sailors' Snug Harbor station was served by the Staten Island Railway's now-defunct North Shore Branch until 1953;³⁹⁸ a retaining wall and stairways from the station still exist.³⁹⁹ The S40 bus, which travels to and from St. George Terminal,⁴⁰⁰ stops at Snug Harbor's front gate.¹⁰⁶ The cultural center initially operated a shuttle to St. George Terminal,¹⁰⁶⁴⁰¹ which stopped running in the early 1990s.³¹⁷

Because of the architectural styles used, Snug Harbor is sometimes described as having a Victorian feel.⁵⁸³³⁶ In 1895, one observer described the complex as having a "peculiar and lasting charm",⁴⁰² describing Temple Row as having a "substantial and artistic" appearance.⁵¹ Another observer in 1946 said the residents' advanced ages contributed to the buildings' Victorian character.¹³ The Staten Island Advance wrote in 1960 that the complex "may appear to the passerby as about as aloof and apart as a ship at sea".⁷⁶ The site has been described as Staten Island's "crown jewel"⁴⁰³ and "an incomparable remnant of New York's 19th-century seafaring past".³²⁶ The complex's 1976 National Historic Landmark designation report said the buildings had "no equal in scale, extent or quality in America".²⁴³ The architecture garnered notice from observers such as the writer Herman Melville and the sailor Joshua Slocum, who frequently discussed Snug Harbor.³³⁶ Numerous sources regarded buildings A–E as among the US's best Greek Revival buildings.^401404405

After the cultural center opened to the public, the architect David Gibson compared it to "an architectural catalog of stylistic development in the United States for 90 years".¹⁰ The Atlanta Constitution wrote in 1982 that the garden "lends softness to the soaring marble pillars of the buildings".⁴⁰⁵ In 1987, Paul Goldberger of the New York Times likened Snug Harbor to a campus, saying that buildings A–E "seem at once to embrace the 19th-century tradition of picturesque design and, by virtue of their rigid linear order, to reject it."²⁶¹ The AIA Guide to New York City described Temple Row as "five Greek temples serenely surveying an immaculately groomed lawn",⁴⁰⁶ while another book called the row "the most ambitious moment of the classic revival in the United States".⁴⁰⁴

Of the cultural center, a Times writer said in 2001 that the complex "offers an escape for every taste and age",³³⁵ a sentiment repeated in New York magazine.³⁹⁴ The Staten Island Advance called the complex's artistic and cultural offerings "unparalleled on Staten Island", enhanced by the architecture.³⁹³ The buildings were also the subject of Barnett Shepherd's 1979 book Sailors' Snug Harbor (1801–1976),⁴⁰⁷⁴⁰⁸ and numerous residents have published books as well.⁵⁵

Parts of the complex had been identified as candidates for historical preservation as early as the 1950s.⁴⁰⁹⁴¹⁰ The complex includes eight city landmarks designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC),³³⁶¹ specifically buildings A–E, the Veterans Memorial Hall, the Richmond Terrace gatehouse, and the fence.¹³²⁶ Buildings A–E and the Veterans Memorial Hall were individually listed as city landmarks in October 1965.¹⁴⁴¹⁸⁰ The gate house and fence were listed as city landmarks in 1973;¹⁴⁴²⁰⁶ the fence's designation applies to 1⁄3 mile (0.54 km) on the northern edge of the property.³²¹ The interiors of building C and the Veterans Memorial Hall were similarly designated in 1982.¹

The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972,²⁶⁶³ and the grounds were declared a National Historic Landmark district in 1976.²⁴³⁴¹¹ Except for the eight existing city landmarks, most of the complex lacks a corresponding city landmark designation,³²⁶⁴¹² which would have covered another 22 buildings.⁴¹³ The more restrictive city historic district status would have mandated LPC approval for all modifications to the district, potentially increasing renovation costs.⁴¹⁴ The LPC proposed designating the complex as Staten Island's first city historic district in the 1980s,⁴¹⁴ but the Snug Harbor Cultural Center opposed it.³²⁶⁴¹⁵ Amid the cultural center's continued opposition, the LPC deferred a decision on the historic-district designation until 2016,⁴¹⁶ when the agency declined to designate the district.⁴¹²

See also

See also

• List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Staten Island
• National Historic Landmarks in New York City
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Staten Island

References

References

Notes

1. The estate was located near Washington Square Park.⁹¹⁰ It does not line up exactly with the modern Manhattan street grid, but sources generally agree that the land is bounded roughly by Fifth Avenue to the west, 10th Street to the north, and Fourth Avenue to the east. The southern boundary is variously given as 6th Street,¹¹¹²¹³ 8th Street,¹⁴ or both Waverly Street and Astor Place.¹⁵
2. The positions of state chancellor and state recorder, who were named as trustees in the original will, had been abolished by the 20th century,²⁵²⁶ while the mayor was removed from the board in 1950.²⁷
3. One source cites Randall's will as having required six years of service.²²
4. Sources cite figures of more than 30,¹⁰⁸ 42,⁴² or 50 structures.¹⁰⁹ These included 8 administration buildings.¹⁰⁷¹⁰⁸
5. Sometimes referred to as "Robert Patterson"¹⁴³
6. Figures in other sources add up to 80 acres (32 ha).²⁰⁶
7. It is variously cited as having 26^28650221333 or 28 structures.^110334335
8. The AIA Guide to New York City cites building B as having been completed in 1840 and building D as having been completed in 1842.⁹⁰ Barnett Shepherd cites the buildings as having been completed in 1840 and 1842, respectively, though he does not label the buildings by letter.⁸⁰

Citations

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Sources

• Barry, Gerald J. (2000). The Sailors' Snug Harbor: A History, 1801–2001. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-2072-4.
• Boies, Elaine (March 1981). "The Struggle to Save Snug Harbor". Historic Preservation. Vol. 33, no. 2. pp. 18–23. ProQuest 2283834811.
• Greene, Elizabeth B. (2017). Buildings and Landmarks of 19th-Century America: American Society Revealed. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4408-3573-5.
• Richardson, Gardner (November 26, 1908). "The Sailors' Snug Harbor at Staten Island". The Independent ... Devoted to the Consideration of Politics, Social and Economic Tendencies, History, Literature, and the Arts. Vol. 65, no. 3130. ProQuest 90560307.
• The Sailors' Snug Harbor (Report). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. March 16, 1972. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021.
• Sailors' Snug Harbor: Building "C" (Administration Building) Interior (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. October 12, 1982. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 10, 2021.
• Sailors' Snug Harbor: Chapel Interior (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. October 12, 1982. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 10, 2021.
• Shepherd, Barnett (1976). "Sailors' Snug Harbor Reattributed to Minard Lafever". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 35 (2). [Society of Architectural Historians, University of California Press]: 108–123. ISSN 0037-9808. JSTOR 989127.
• Stern, Robert A. M.; Fishman, David; Tilove, Jacob (2006). New York 2000: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Bicentennial and the Millennium (2000 ed.). New York: Monacelli Press. ISBN 978-1-58093-177-9.
• Woodward, Mrs. R. F. (June 1895). "The Sailors' Snug Harbor". Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly. Vol. XXXIX, no. 6. ProQuest 136559575.

Further reading

Further reading

• Gibson, David (1979). Sailors' Snug Harbor: An Historic Structures Report (Report). Vol. 1, 2. Snug Harbor Cultural Center.
• Shepherd, Barnett (1995). Sailors' Snug Harbor, 1801–1976. Snug Harbor Cultural Center.

External links

External links

• Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden
• The Trustees of the Sailors' Snug Harbor in the City of New York
• Sailors' Snug Harbor Archives at SUNY Maritime College

HABS

• Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. NY-5473, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, Richmond Terrace, Staten Island, New Brighton, Richmond County, NY", 16 photos, 2 measured drawings, 11 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
• HABS No. NY-5474, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, Dormitory A", 5 data pages, supplemental material
• HABS No. NY-5475, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, Dormitory B", 5 data pages, supplemental material
• HABS No. NY-5476, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, Dormitory C & Administration Building", 7 photos, 7 measured drawings, 8 data pages
• HABS No. NY-5477, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, Dormitory D", 2 photos, 7 measured drawings, 5 data pages
• HABS No. NY-5478, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, Dormitory E", 6 measured drawings, 5 data pages
• HABS No. NY-5479, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, Dining Hall", 1 photo, 5 data pages, supplemental material
• HABS No. NY-5480, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, Chapel", 2 photos, 6 measured drawings, 5 data pages
• HABS No. NY-5481, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, Residences", 2 photos, 4 data pages, supplemental material
• HABS No. NY-5482, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, North Gatehouse", 1 photo, 1 measured drawing, 4 data pages
• HABS No. NY-5483, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, West Gatehouse", 1 photo, 1 measured drawing, 4 data pages
• HABS No. NY-5484, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, East Gatehouse", 1 photo, 3 data pages, supplemental material
• HABS No. NY-6115, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, Governor's House", 6 measured drawings
• HABS No. NY-6116, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, Music Hall", 2 photos, 5 measured drawings
• HABS No. NY-6244, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, Captain's Cottage No. 2", 6 measured drawings
• HABS No. NY-6245, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, Recreation Building", 2 photos, 5 measured drawings
• HABS No. NY-6316, "Sailors' Snug Harbor, Bandstand", 1 photo