Reflexive closure

In mathematics, the reflexive closure of a binary relation ${\displaystyle R}$ on a set ${\displaystyle X}$ is the smallest reflexive relation on ${\displaystyle X}$ that contains ${\displaystyle R}$, i.e. the set ${\displaystyle R\cup \{(x,x)\mid x\in X\}}$.

For example, if ${\displaystyle X}$ is a set of distinct numbers and ${\displaystyle xRy}$ means "${\displaystyle x}$ is less than ${\displaystyle y}$", then the reflexive closure of ${\displaystyle R}$ is the relation "${\displaystyle x}$ is less than or equal to ${\displaystyle y}$".

The reflexive closure ${\displaystyle S}$ of a relation ${\displaystyle R}$ on a set ${\displaystyle X}$ is given by $${\displaystyle S=R\cup \{(x,x)\mid x\in X\}}$$

In plain English, the reflexive closure of ${\displaystyle R}$ is the union of ${\displaystyle R}$ with the identity relation on ${\displaystyle X.}$

As an example, if $${\displaystyle X=\{1,2,3,4\}}$$ $${\displaystyle R=\{(1,1),(1,3),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4)\}}$$ then the relation ${\displaystyle R}$ is already reflexive by itself, so it does not differ from its reflexive closure.

However, if any of the reflexive pairs in ${\displaystyle R}$ was absent, it would be inserted for the reflexive closure. For example, if on the same set ${\displaystyle X}$ $${\displaystyle R=\{(1,1),(1,3),(2,2),(4,4)\}}$$ then the reflexive closure is $${\displaystyle S=R\cup \{(x,x)\mid x\in X\}=\{(1,1),(1,3),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4)\}.}$$