Article · Wikipedia archive · Last revised Jul 9, 2026

Punctelia toxodes

Punctelia toxodes is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. The lichen is a member of the Punctelia rudecta species complex. Found in South Africa, it was first formally described as a new species by English botanist James Stirton in 1878 as Parmelia toxodes. Klaus Kalb and Manuela Götz transferred it to the genus Punctelia in 2007. In his 1878 publication, Stirton did not designate a type specimen, so an epitype was designated in a 2016 publication. This epitype was collected from the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, on Paarl Mountain at an altitude of 530 m (1,740 ft). The lichen grows on bark and on rocks.

Last revised
Jul 9, 2026
Read time
≈ 1 min
Length
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Citations
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Wikipedia ↗
Punctelia toxodes
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Punctelia
Species:
P. toxodes
Binomial name
Punctelia toxodes
(Stirt.) Kalb & M.Götz (2007)
Synonyms1
  • Parmelia toxodes Stirt. (1878)

Punctelia toxodes is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. The lichen is a member of the Punctelia rudecta species complex. Found in South Africa, it was first formally described as a new species by English botanist James Stirton in 1878 as Parmelia toxodes.2 Klaus Kalb and Manuela Götz transferred it to the genus Punctelia in 2007.3 In his 1878 publication, Stirton did not designate a type specimen, so an epitype was designated in a 2016 publication. This epitype was collected from the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, on Paarl Mountain at an altitude of 530 m (1,740 ft). The lichen grows on bark and on rocks.4

References

References

  1. "Synonymy: Punctelia toxodes (Stirt.) Kalb & M. Götz". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  2. Stirton, J. (1878). "On certain lichens belonging to the genus Parmelia". The Scottish Naturalist. 4: 254.
  3. Kalb, Klaus (2007). "New or otherwise interesting lichens". In Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Thell, Arne (eds.). Lichenological Contributions in Honour of David Galloway. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 95. Berlin-Stuttgart: J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 297–316. ISBN 978-3-443-58074-2.
  4. Wong, William Oki; Alors, David; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Leavitt, Steven D.; Crespo, Ana (2016). "An integrative approach for understanding diversity in the Punctelia rudecta species complex (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)". PLOS ONE. 11 (2) e0146537. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1146537A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146537. PMC 4749632. PMID 26863231.