Messier object

Messier Catalog
	All Messier objects
Alternative names	Messier Catalogue
Survey type	Astronomical catalogue
Named after	Charles Messier
Published	1774 (preliminary version)
	Related media on Commons

The Messier objects are a set of 110 astronomical objects catalogued by the French astronomer Charles Messier in his Catalogue des Nébuleuses et des Amas d'Étoiles (Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters). Because Messier was interested only in finding comets, he created a list of those non-comet objects that frustrated his hunt for them. This list, which Messier created in collaboration with his assistant Pierre Méchain, is now known as the Messier catalogue. The Messier catalogue is one of the most famous lists of astronomical objects, and many objects on the list are still referenced by their Messier numbers.¹ The catalogue includes most of the astronomical deep-sky objects that can be easily observed from Earth's Northern Hemisphere; many Messier objects are popular targets for amateur astronomers.²

A preliminary version of the catalogue first appeared in 1774 in the Memoirs of the French Academy of Sciences for the year 1771.³⁴⁵ The first version of Messier's catalogue contained 45 objects, which were not numbered. Eighteen of the objects were discovered by Messier; the rest had been previously observed by other astronomers.⁶ By 1780 the catalogue had increased to 70 objects.⁷ The final version of the catalogue containing 103 objects was published in 1781 in the Connaissance des Temps for the year 1784.⁸⁴ However, due to what was thought for a long time to be the incorrect addition of Messier 102, the total number remained 102. Other astronomers, using side notes in Messier's texts, eventually expanded the list to 110 objects.⁹

The catalogue consists of a diverse range of astronomical objects, from star clusters and nebulae to galaxies. For example, Messier 1 is a supernova remnant, known as the Crab Nebula, and the great spiral Andromeda Galaxy is M31. Further inclusions followed.¹⁰

Lists and editions

Painting of Charles Messier — Charles Messier source ↗

The first edition of 1774 covered 45 objects (M1 to M45). The total list published by Messier in 1781 contained 103 objects, but the list was expanded through successive additions by other astronomers, motivated by notes in Messier's and Méchain's texts indicating that at least one of them knew of the additional objects. The first such addition came from Nicolas Camille Flammarion in 1921, who added Messier 104 after finding a note Messier made in a copy of the 1781 edition of the catalogue. M105 to M107 were added by Helen Sawyer Hogg in 1947, M108 and M109 by Owen Gingerich in 1960, and M110 by Kenneth Glyn Jones in 1967.¹¹ M102 was observed by Méchain, who communicated his notes to Messier. Méchain later concluded that this object was simply a re-observation of M101, though some sources suggest that the object Méchain observed was the galaxy NGC 5866 and identify that as M102.¹²

Messier's final catalogue was included in the Connaissance des Temps pour l'Année 1784 [Knowledge of the Times for the Year 1784], the French official yearly publication of astronomical ephemerides.⁸⁴

Messier lived and conducted his astronomical work at the Hôtel de Cluny (now the Musée national du Moyen Âge), in Paris, France. The list he compiled contains only objects found in the sky area he could observe from the north celestial pole to a celestial latitude of about −35.7°. He did not observe or list objects visible only from farther south, such as the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds.¹³

Observations

The Messier catalogue comprises nearly all of the most spectacular examples of the five types of deep-sky object – diffuse nebulae, planetary nebulae, open clusters, globular clusters, and galaxies – visible from European latitudes. Furthermore, almost all of the Messier objects are among the closest to Earth in their respective classes, which makes them heavily studied with professional class instruments that today can resolve small and visually significant details in them. A summary of the astrophysics of each Messier object can be found in the Concise Catalog of Deep-sky Objects.¹⁴

Since these objects could be observed visually with the relatively small-aperture refracting telescope (approximately 100 mm ≈ 4 inches) used by Messier to study the sky from downtown Paris, they are among the brightest and thus most attractive astronomical objects (of the class popularly called deep-sky objects) observable from Earth, and are popular targets for visual study and astrophotography available to modern amateur astronomers using larger aperture equipment. In early spring, astronomers sometimes gather for "Messier marathons", when all of the objects can be viewed over a single night.¹⁵¹⁶

Messier objects

Open cluster

Globular cluster

Diffuse nebula

Planetary nebula

Supernova remnant

Galaxy

Other

Messier no.	NGC/IC no.	Common name	Object type	Distance (kly)	Constellation	Apparent magnitude	Apparent dimensions	Right ascension	Declination
M1¹⁷	NGC 1952	Crab Nebula	Supernova remnant	4.9–8.1	Taurus	8.4	420″ × 290″	05^h 34^m 31.9^s	+22° 00′ 52.2″
M2¹⁸	NGC 7089	—	Globular cluster	33	Aquarius	6.5	16′	21^h 33^m 27.0^s	−00° 49′ 23.7″
M3¹⁹	NGC 5272	—	Globular cluster	33.9	Canes Venatici	6.2	18′	13^h 42^m 11.6^s	+28° 22′ 38.2″
M4²⁰	NGC 6121	Spider Globular Cluster	Globular cluster	7.2	Scorpius	5.6	26′	16^h 23^m 35.2^s	−26° 31′ 32.7″
M5²¹	NGC 5904	Rose Cluster	Globular cluster	24.5	Serpens	5.6	23′	15^h 18^m 33.2^s	+02° 04′ 51.7″
M6²²	NGC 6405	Butterfly Cluster	Open cluster	1.6	Scorpius	4.2	25′	17^h 40.1^m	−32° 13′
M7²³	NGC 6475	Ptolemy's Cluster	Open cluster	0.65–1.31	Scorpius	3.3	80′	17^h 53^m 51.2^s	−34° 47′ 34″
M8²⁴	NGC 6523	Lagoon Nebula	Nebula with cluster	4.1	Sagittarius	4.6	90′ × 40′	18^h 03^m 37^s	−24° 23′ 12″
M9²⁵	NGC 6333	—	Globular cluster	25.8	Ophiuchus	7.7	9.3′	17^h 19^m 11.8^s	−18° 30′ 58.5″
M10²⁶	NGC 6254	—	Globular cluster	14.3	Ophiuchus	6.6	20′	16^h 57^m 8.9^s	−04° 05′ 58.1″
M11²⁷	NGC 6705	Wild Duck Cluster	Open cluster	6.2	Scutum	5.8	22.8′	18^h 51.1^m	−06° 16′
M12²⁸	NGC 6218	—	Globular cluster	15.7	Ophiuchus	6.7	16′	16^h 47^m 14.2^s	−01° 56′ 54.7″
M13²⁹	NGC 6205	Great Hercules Cluster	Globular cluster	22.2	Hercules	5.8	20′	16^h 41^m 41.2^s	+36° 27′ 35.5″
M14³⁰	NGC 6402	—	Globular cluster	30.3	Ophiuchus	7.6	11′	17^h 37^m 36.2^s	−03° 14′ 45.3″
M15³¹	NGC 7078	Great Pegasus Cluster	Globular cluster	33	Pegasus	6.2	18′	21^h 29^m 58.3^s	+12° 10′ 01.2″
M16³²	NGC 6611	Eagle Nebula	H II region nebula with cluster	7	Serpens	6.4	70′ × 50′	18^h 18^m 48^s	−13° 49′
M17³³	NGC 6618	Omega, Swan, Horseshoe, Lobster, or Checkmark Nebula	H II region nebula with cluster	5–6	Sagittarius	6.0	11′	18^h 20^m 26^s	−16° 10′ 36″
M18³⁴	NGC 6613	Black Swan Cluster	Open cluster	4.9	Sagittarius	7.5	9.8′	18^h 19.9^m	−17° 08′
M19³⁵	NGC 6273	—	Globular cluster	28.7	Ophiuchus	6.8	17′	17^h 02^m 37.7^s	−26° 16′ 04.6″
M20³⁶	NGC 6514	Trifid Nebula	H II region nebula with cluster	5.2	Sagittarius	6.3	28′	18^h 02^m 23^s	−23° 01′ 48″
M21³⁷	NGC 6531	Webb's Cross Cluster	Open cluster	4.25	Sagittarius	6.5	14′	18^h 04.6^m	−22° 30′
M22³⁸	NGC 6656	Great Sagittarius Cluster	Globular cluster	9.6–11.6	Sagittarius	5.1	32′	18^h 36^m 23.9^s	−23° 54′ 17.1″
M23³⁹	NGC 6494	—	Open cluster	2.15	Sagittarius	5.5	35′	17^h 56.8^m	−19° 01′
M24⁴⁰	IC 4715	Small Sagittarius Star Cloud	Milky Way star cloud	~10	Sagittarius	2.5	2°x1°	18^h 17^m	−18° 33′
M25⁴¹	IC 4725	—	Open cluster	2.0	Sagittarius	4.6	36′	18^h 31.6^m	−19° 15′
M26⁴²	NGC 6694	—	Open cluster	5.0	Scutum	8.0	14′	18^h 45.2^m	−09° 24′
M27⁴³	NGC 6853	Dumbbell Nebula	Planetary nebula	1.148–1.52	Vulpecula	7.4	8.0′ × 5.6′	19^h 59^m 36.3^s	+22° 43′ 16.1″
M28⁴⁴	NGC 6626	—	Globular cluster	17.9	Sagittarius	6.8	11.2′	18^h 24^m 32.9^s	−24° 52′ 11.4″
M29⁴⁵	NGC 6913	Cooling Tower Cluster	Open cluster	7.2	Cygnus	7.1	7′	20^h 23^m 56^s	+38° 31′ 24″
M30⁴⁶	NGC 7099	Jellyfish Cluster	Globular cluster	27.8–31	Capricornus	7.2	12′	21^h 40^m 22.1^s	−23° 10′ 47.5″
M31⁴⁷	NGC 224	Andromeda Galaxy	Spiral galaxy	2,430–2,650	Andromeda	3.4	3.17° × 1°	00^h 42^m 44.3^s	+41° 16′ 09″
M32⁴⁸	NGC 221	Andromeda Satellite #1	Dwarf elliptical galaxy	2,410–2,570	Andromeda	8.1	8.7′ × 6.5′	00^h 42^m 41.8^s	+40° 51′ 55″
M33⁴⁹	NGC 598	Triangulum/Pinwheel Galaxy	Spiral galaxy	2,380–3,070	Triangulum	5.7	70.8′ × 41.7′	01^h 33^m 50.0^s	+30° 39′ 36.7″
M34⁵⁰	NGC 1039	Spiral Cluster	Open cluster	1.5	Perseus	5.5	35′	02^h 42.1^m	+42° 46′
M35⁵¹	NGC 2168	Shoe-Buckle Cluster	Open cluster	2.8	Gemini	5.3	28′	06^h 09.1^m	+24° 21′
M36⁵²	NGC 1960	Pinwheel Cluster	Open cluster	4.1	Auriga	6.3	12′	05^h 36^m 12^s	+34° 08′ 04″
M37⁵³	NGC 2099	Salt and Pepper Cluster	Open cluster	4.511	Auriga	6.2	24′	05^h 52^m 18^s	+32° 33′ 02″
M38⁵⁴	NGC 1912	Starfish Cluster	Open cluster	4.2	Auriga	7.4	21′	05^h 28^m 42^s	+35° 51′ 18″
M39⁵⁵	NGC 7092	Pyramid Cluster	Open cluster	0.8244	Cygnus	4.6	29′	21^h 31^m 42^s	+48° 26′ 00″
M40⁵⁶	—	Winnecke 4	Optical Double	0.51	Ursa Major	8.4	51.7″	12^h 22^m 12.5^s	+58° 04′ 59″
M41⁵⁷	NGC 2287	Little Beehive Cluster	Open cluster	2.3	Canis Major	4.5	38′	06^h 46.0^m	−20° 46′
M42⁵⁸	NGC 1976	Great Orion Nebula	H II region nebula	1.324–1.364	Orion	4.0	65′ × 60′	05^h 35^m 17.3^s	−05° 23′ 28″
M43⁵⁹	NGC 1982	De Mairan's Nebula	H II region nebula (part of the Orion Nebula)	1.3	Orion	9.0	20′ × 15′	05^h 35.6^m	−05° 16′
M44⁶⁰	NGC 2632	Beehive Cluster or Praesepe	Open cluster	0.577	Cancer	3.7	95′	08^h 40.4^m	+19° 59′
M45⁶¹	—	Pleiades, Seven Sisters or Subaru	Open cluster	0.39–0.46	Taurus	1.6	2°	03^h 47^m 24^s	+24° 07′ 00″
M46⁶²	NGC 2437	—	Open cluster	5.4	Puppis	6.0	22.8′	07^h 41.8^m	−14° 49′
M47⁶³	NGC 2422	—	Open cluster	1.6	Puppis	4.4	30′	07^h 36.6^m	−14° 30′
M48⁶⁴	NGC 2548	—	Open cluster	1.5	Hydra	5.5	30′	08^h 13.7^m	−05° 45′
M49⁶⁵	NGC 4472	—	Elliptical galaxy	53,600–58,200	Virgo	8.4	10.2′ × 8.3′	12^h 29^m 46.7^s	+08° 00′ 02″
M50⁶⁶	NGC 2323	Heart-Shaped Cluster	Open cluster	3.2	Monoceros	5.9	16′	07^h 03.2^m	−08° 20′
M51⁶⁷	NGC 5194, NGC 5195	Whirlpool Galaxy	Spiral galaxy	19,000–27,000	Canes Venatici	8.4	11.2′ × 6.9′	13^h 29^m 52.7^s	+47° 11′ 43″
M52⁶⁸	NGC 7654	Scorpion Cluster	Open cluster	5.0	Cassiopeia	7.3	13′	23^h 24.2^m	+61° 35′
M53⁶⁹	NGC 5024	—	Globular cluster	58	Coma Berenices	7.6	13′	13^h 12^m 55.3^s	+18° 10′ 05.4″
M54⁷⁰	NGC 6715	—	Globular cluster	87.4	Sagittarius	7.6	12′	18^h 55^m 03.3^s	−30° 28′ 47.5″
M55⁷¹	NGC 6809	Specter Cluster	Globular cluster	17.6	Sagittarius	6.3	19′	19^h 39^m 59.7^s	−30° 57′ 53.1″
M56⁷²	NGC 6779	—	Globular cluster	32.9	Lyra	8.3	8.8′	19^h 16^m 35.6^s	+30° 11′ 00.5″
M57⁷³	NGC 6720	Ring Nebula	Planetary nebula	1.6–3.8	Lyra	8.8	230″ × 230″	18^h 53^m 35.1^s	+33° 01′ 45.0″
M58⁷⁴	NGC 4579	—	Barred Spiral galaxy	~63,000	Virgo	9.7	5.9′ × 4.7′	12^h 37^m 43.5^s	+11° 49′ 05″
M59⁷⁵	NGC 4621	—	Elliptical galaxy	55,000–65,000	Virgo	9.6	5.4′ × 3.7′	12^h 42^m 02.3^s	+11° 38′ 49″
M60⁷⁶	NGC 4649	—	Elliptical galaxy	51,000–59,000	Virgo	8.8	7.4′ × 6.0′	12^h 43^m 39.6^s	+11° 33′ 09″
M61⁷⁷	NGC 4303	Swelling Spiral Galaxy	Spiral galaxy	50,200–54,800	Virgo	9.7	6.5′ × 5.8′	12^h 21^m 54.9^s	+04° 28′ 25″
M62⁷⁸	NGC 6266	Flickering Globular	Globular cluster	22.2	Ophiuchus	6.5	15′	17^h 01^m 12.6^s	−30° 06′ 44.5″
M63⁷⁹	NGC 5055	Sunflower Galaxy	Spiral galaxy	37,000	Canes Venatici	8.6	12.6′ × 7.2′	13^h 15^m 49.3^s	+42° 01′ 45″
M64⁸⁰	NGC 4826	Black Eye Galaxy	Spiral galaxy	22,000–26,000	Coma Berenices	8.5	10.7′ × 5.1′	12^h 56^m 43.7^s	+21° 40′ 58″
M65⁸¹	NGC 3623	Leo Triplet	Barred Spiral galaxy	41,000–42,000	Leo	9.3	8.7′ × 2.5′	11^h 18^m 55.9^s	+13° 05′ 32″
M66⁸²	NGC 3627	Leo Triplet	Barred Spiral galaxy	31,000–41,000	Leo	8.9	9.1′ × 4.2′	11^h 20^m 15.0^s	+12° 59′ 30″
M67⁸³	NGC 2682	King Cobra or Golden Eye Cluster	Open cluster	2.61–2.93	Cancer	6.1	30′	08^h 51.3^m	+11° 49′
M68⁸⁴	NGC 4590	—	Globular cluster	33.6	Hydra	7.8	11′	12^h 39^m 28.0^s	−26° 44′ 38.6″
M69⁸⁵	NGC 6637	—	Globular cluster	29.7	Sagittarius	7.6	10.8′	18^h 31^m 23.1^s	−32° 20′ 53.1″
M70⁸⁶	NGC 6681	—	Globular cluster	29.4	Sagittarius	7.9	8′	18^h 43^m 12.8^s	−32° 17′ 31.6″
M71⁸⁷	NGC 6838	Angelfish Cluster	Globular cluster	13.0	Sagitta	8.2	7.2′	19^h 53^m 46.5^s	+18° 46′ 45.1″
M72⁸⁸	NGC 6981	—	Globular cluster	53.40–55.74	Aquarius	9.3	6.6′	20^h 53^m 27.7^s	−12° 32′ 14.3″
M73⁸⁹	NGC 6994	—	Asterism	~2.5	Aquarius	9.0	2.8′	20^h 58^m 54^s	−12° 38′
M74⁹⁰	NGC 628	Phantom Galaxy⁹¹	Spiral galaxy	24,000–36,000	Pisces	9.4	10.5′ × 9.5′	01^h 36^m 41.8^s	+15° 47′ 01″
M75⁹²	NGC 6864	—	Globular cluster	67.5	Sagittarius	8.5	6.8′	20^h 06^m 04.8^s	−21° 55′ 16.2″
M76⁹³	NGC 650, NGC 651	Little Dumbbell Nebula	Planetary nebula	2.5	Perseus	10.1	2.7′ × 1.8′	01^h 42.4^m	+51° 34′ 31″
M77⁹⁴	NGC 1068	Cetus A or Squid Galaxy	Spiral galaxy	47,000	Cetus	8.9	7.1′ × 6.0′	02^h 42^m 40.7^s	−00° 00′ 48″
M78⁹⁵	NGC 2068	—	Diffuse nebula	1.6	Orion	8.3	8′ × 6′	05^h 46^m 46.7^s	+00° 00′ 50″
M79⁹⁶	NGC 1904	—	Globular cluster	41	Lepus	7.7	8.7′	05^h 24^m 10.6^s	−24° 31′ 27.3″
M80⁹⁷	NGC 6093	—	Globular cluster	32.6	Scorpius	7.3	10′	16^h 17^m 02.4^s	−22° 58′ 33.9″
M81⁹⁸	NGC 3031	Bode's Galaxy	Spiral galaxy	11,400–12,200	Ursa Major	6.9	26.9′ × 14.1′	09^h 55^m 33.2^s	+69° 03′ 55″
M82⁹⁹	NGC 3034	Cigar Galaxy	Starburst galaxy	10,700–12,300	Ursa Major	8.4	11.2′ × 4.3′	09^h 55^m 52.2^s	+69° 40′ 47″
M83¹⁰⁰	NGC 5236	Southern Pinwheel Galaxy	Barred Spiral galaxy	14,700	Hydra	7.6	12.9′ × 11.5′	13^h 37^m 00.9^s	−29° 51′ 57″
M84¹⁰¹	NGC 4374	—	Lenticular galaxy	57,000–63,000	Virgo	9.1	6.5′ × 5.6′	12^h 25^m 03.7^s	+12° 53′ 13″
M85¹⁰²	NGC 4382	—	Lenticular galaxy	56,000–64,000	Coma Berenices	9.1	7.1′ × 5.5′	12^h 25^m 24.0^s	+18° 11′ 28″
M86¹⁰³	NGC 4406	—	Lenticular galaxy	49,000–55,000	Virgo	8.9	8.9′ × 5.8′	12^h 26^m 11.7^s	+12° 56′ 46″
M87¹⁰⁴	NGC 4486	Virgo A	Elliptical galaxy	51,870–55,130	Virgo	8.6	7.2′ × 6.8′	12^h 30^m 49.4^s	+12° 23′ 28.0″
M88¹⁰⁵	NGC 4501	—	Spiral galaxy	39,000–56,000	Coma Berenices	9.6	6.9′ × 3.7′	12^h 31^m 59.2^s	+14° 25′ 14″
M89¹⁰⁶	NGC 4552	—	Elliptical galaxy	47,000–53,000	Virgo	9.8	5.1′ × 4.7′	12^h 35^m 39.8^s	+12° 33′ 23″
M90¹⁰⁷	NGC 4569	Carabin Galaxy	Spiral galaxy	55,900–61,500	Virgo	9.5	9.5′ × 4.4′	12^h 36^m 49.8^s	+13° 09′ 46″
M91¹⁰⁸	NGC 4548	—	Barred Spiral galaxy	47,000–79,000	Coma Berenices	10.2	5.4′ × 4.3′	12^h 35^m 26.4^s	+14° 29′ 47″
M92¹⁰⁹	NGC 6341	—	Globular cluster	26.7	Hercules	6.4	14′	17^h 17^m 07.4^s	+43° 08′ 09.4″
M93¹¹⁰	NGC 2447	Critter Cluster	Open cluster	3.6	Puppis	6.0	10′	07^h 44.6^m	−23° 52′
M94¹¹¹	NGC 4736	Crocodile Eye or Cat's Eye Galaxy	Spiral galaxy	14,700–17,300	Canes Venatici	8.2	11.2′ × 9.1′	12^h 50^m 53.1^s	+41° 07′ 14″
M95¹¹²	NGC 3351	—	Barred Spiral galaxy	31,200–34,000	Leo	9.7	3.1′ × 2.9′	10^h 43^m 57.7^s	+11° 42′ 14″
M96¹¹³	NGC 3368	—	Spiral galaxy	28,000–34,000	Leo	9.2	7.6′ × 5.2′	10^h 46^m 45.7^s	+11° 49′ 12″
M97¹¹⁴	NGC 3587	Owl Nebula	Planetary nebula	2.03	Ursa Major	9.9	3.4′ × 3.3′	11^h 14^m 47.7^s	+55° 01′ 08.5″
M98¹¹⁵	NGC 4192	—	Spiral galaxy	44,400	Coma Berenices	10.1	9.8′ × 2.8′	12^h 13^m 48.3^s	+14° 54′ 01.7″
M99¹¹⁶	NGC 4254	St. Catherine's Wheel	Spiral galaxy	44,700–55,700	Coma Berenices	9.9	5.4′ × 4.7′	12^h 18^m 49.6^s	+14° 24′ 59″
M100¹¹⁷	NGC 4321	Mirror Galaxy	Spiral galaxy	55,000	Coma Berenices	9.3	7.4′ × 6.3′	12^h 22^m 54.9^s	+15° 49′ 21″
M101¹¹⁸	NGC 5457	Pinwheel Galaxy	Spiral galaxy	19,100–22,400	Ursa Major	7.9	28.8′ × 26.9′	14^h 03^m 12.6^s	+54° 20′ 57″
M102¹¹⁹	NGC 5866	Spindle Galaxy	Lenticular galaxy	50,000	Draco	9.9	4.7′ × 1.9′	15^h 06^m 29.5^s	+55° 45′ 48″
M103¹²⁰	NGC 581	—	Open cluster	10	Cassiopeia	7.4	6′	01^h 33.2^m	+60° 42′
M104¹²¹	NGC 4594	Sombrero Galaxy	Spiral galaxy	28,700–30,900	Virgo	8.0	9′ × 4′	12^h 39^m 59.4^s	−11° 37′ 23″
M105¹²²	NGC 3379	—	Elliptical galaxy	30,400–33,600	Leo	9.3	5.4′ × 4.8′	10^h 47^m 49.6^s	+12° 34′ 54″
M106¹²³	NGC 4258	—	Spiral galaxy	22,200–25,200	Canes Venatici	8.4	18.6′ × 7.2′	12^h 18^m 57.5^s	+47° 18′ 14″
M107¹²⁴	NGC 6171	Crucifix Cluster	Globular cluster	20.9	Ophiuchus	7.9	10′	16^h 32^m 31.9^s	−13° 03′ 13.6″
M108¹²⁵	NGC 3556	Surfboard Galaxy	Barred Spiral galaxy	46,000	Ursa Major	10.0	8.7′ × 2.2′	11^h 11^m 31.0^s	+55° 40′ 27″
M109¹²⁶	NGC 3992	Vacuum Cleaner Galaxy	Barred Spiral galaxy	59,500–107,500	Ursa Major	9.8	7.6′ × 4.7′	11^h 57^m 36.0^s	+53° 22′ 28″
M110¹²⁷	NGC 205	Andromeda Satellite #2	Dwarf elliptical galaxy	2,600–2,780	Andromeda	8.5	21.9′ × 11.0′	00^h 40^m 22.1^s	+41° 41′ 07″

Star chart of Messier objects

Star chart depicting the Messier objects plotted on a rectangular grid representing right ascension and declination source ↗

References

"Original Messier Catalog of 1781". Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. 10 November 2007.
Garner, Rob (18 December 2018). "Hubble's Messier catalog". Goddard SFC. NASA. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
Messier, Charles (16 February 1771). "Catalogue des Nébuleuses et des amas d'Étoiles, que l'on découvre parmi les Étoiles fixes, sur l'horizon de Paris. Observées à l'Observatoire de la Marine, avec differens instrumens". Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique, pour la même Année, Tirés des Registres de cette Académie (in French). année 1774. Paris, France: L'Imprimerie Royale: 435. Retrieved 7 January 2021 – via Gallica (Archives de l'Académie des sciences).
"Charles Messier's original catalog of 1771". Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS). 15 June 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
"Messier catalog". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
Gingerich, Owen (September 1953). "Messier and his catalogue II". Sky & Telescope. No. 142 – via archive.org.
Messier, Charles (1780). "Catalogue des Nébuleuses et des amas d'Étoiles, Observées à Paris, par M. Messier, à l'Observatoire de la Marine, hôtel de Clugni, rue des Mathurins". Connoissance des Temps (in French). pour l'année commune 1783. Paris, France: L'Imprimerie Royale: 225–249, & 408 – via Gallica (Archives de l'Académie des sciences).
Messier, Charles (1781). "Catalogue des Nébuleuses et des amas d'Étoiles, Observées à Paris, par M. Messier, à l'Observatoire de la Marine, hôtel de Clugni, rue des Mathurins". Connoissance des Temps, ou Connoissance des mouvemens célestes (in French). pour l'année bissextile 1784. Paris, France: L'Imprimerie Royale: 227–267. Bibcode:1781cote.rept..227M – via Gallica.
"The Messier Catalogue". SEDS Messier Database. SEDS. 27 May 2015.
Moore, Patrick (1979). The Guinness Book of Astronomy. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-900424-76-2 – via archive.org.
Moore, Patrick (1979). The Guinness Book of Astronomy. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 0-900424-76-1 – via archive.org.
Frommert, Hartmut (10 May 1995). "Messier 102". MSFC X-Ray Astronomy (InterNetNews) (Press release). Retrieved 24 February 2019 – via SEDS.
English, Neil (2018). Chronicling the Golden Age of Astronomy: A history of visual observing from Harriot to Moore. Springer. p. 91. ISBN 978-3319977072. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
Finlay, W. H. (2003). Concise Catalog of Deep-sky Objects: Astrophysical information for 500 galaxies. Springer. ISBN 1-85233-691-9.
"The Messier Marathon". Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS). 19 March 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Stoyan, Ronald; Binnewies, Stefan; Friedrich, Susanne (2008). Atlas of the Messier Objects: Highlights of the Deep Sky. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9783319977072.
"Messier 1". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 2". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 3". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 4". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 5". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 6". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 7". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
Stoyan, Ronald (2008). Atlas of the Messier Objects: Highlights of the Deep Sky. Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0521895545.
"Messier 9". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 10". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
O'Meara, Stephen James; Levy, David H. (1998), Deep-Sky Companions: The Messier Objects, Cambridge University Press, p. 65, ISBN 978-0521553322
"Messier 12". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 13". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 14". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 15". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 16". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 17". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 18". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 19". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 20 (The Trifid Nebula)". Hubble's Messier Catalog. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
"Messier 21". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 22". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
Thompson, Robert; Thompson, Barbara (2007), Illustrated Guide to Astronomical Wonders: From Novice to Master Observer, DIY science, O'Reilly Media, Inc., p. 408, ISBN 978-0596526856
French, Sue (July 2015). "Small Sagittarius star cloud: The Sagittarius Milky Way is host to dark nebulae and open clusters". Sky & Telescope. p. 56.
"Messier 25". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 26". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 27". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 28". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 29". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 30". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 31". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 32". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 33". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 34". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 35". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 36". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 37". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 38". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 39". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 40". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 41". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 42". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 43". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 44". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 45". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 46". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
Stoyan, Ronald (2008). Atlas of the Messier Objects: Highlights of the Deep Sky. Cambridge University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0521895545.
"Messier 48". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 49". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 50". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Messier 51". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 52". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 53". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 54". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 55". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 56". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 57". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 58". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 59". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 60". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 61". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 62". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 63". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 64". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 65". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 66". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 67". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 68". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 69". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 70". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 71". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 72". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 73". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 74". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 74 Phantom Galaxy". 24 July 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
"Messier 75". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 76". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 77". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 78". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 79". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 80". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 81". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 82". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 83". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 84". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 85". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 86". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 87". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 88". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 89". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 90". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 91". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 92". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 93". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 94". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 95". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 96". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 97". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 98". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 99". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 100". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 101". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 102". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
"Messier 103". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 104". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 105". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 106". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 107". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 108". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 109". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
"Messier 110". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

External links

"SEDS Messier Database". Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS). – includes images.
"Messier gallery". Messier Objects 101.
"Messier objects". Deep Sky Videos.
"Messier Objects Ranked By Viewing Difficulty". Starlust. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.

[1] "Original Messier Catalog of 1781". Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. 10 November 2007.

[Hubble-2] Garner, Rob (18 December 2018). "Hubble's Messier catalog". Goddard SFC. NASA. Retrieved 17 January 2019.

[3] Messier, Charles (16 February 1771). "Catalogue des Nébuleuses et des amas d'Étoiles, que l'on découvre parmi les Étoiles fixes, sur l'horizon de Paris. Observées à l'Observatoire de la Marine, avec differens instrumens". Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique, pour la même Année, Tirés des Registres de cette Académie (in French). année 1774. Paris, France: L'Imprimerie Royale: 435. Retrieved 7 January 2021 – via Gallica (Archives de l'Académie des sciences).

[SEDS-Messier-1771-4] "Charles Messier's original catalog of 1771". Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS). 15 June 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2015.

[Britannica-5] "Messier catalog". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 May 2015.

[6] Gingerich, Owen (September 1953). "Messier and his catalogue II". Sky & Telescope. No. 142 – via archive.org.

[7] Messier, Charles (1780). "Catalogue des Nébuleuses et des amas d'Étoiles, Observées à Paris, par M. Messier, à l'Observatoire de la Marine, hôtel de Clugni, rue des Mathurins". Connoissance des Temps (in French). pour l'année commune 1783. Paris, France: L'Imprimerie Royale: 225–249, & 408 – via Gallica (Archives de l'Académie des sciences).

[Messier-1781-Connaissance-1784-8] Messier, Charles (1781). "Catalogue des Nébuleuses et des amas d'Étoiles, Observées à Paris, par M. Messier, à l'Observatoire de la Marine, hôtel de Clugni, rue des Mathurins". Connoissance des Temps, ou Connoissance des mouvemens célestes (in French). pour l'année bissextile 1784. Paris, France: L'Imprimerie Royale: 227–267. Bibcode:1781cote.rept..227M – via Gallica.

[9] "The Messier Catalogue". SEDS Messier Database. SEDS. 27 May 2015.

[10] Moore, Patrick (1979). The Guinness Book of Astronomy. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-900424-76-2 – via archive.org.

[11] Moore, Patrick (1979). The Guinness Book of Astronomy. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 0-900424-76-1 – via archive.org.

[12] Frommert, Hartmut (10 May 1995). "Messier 102". MSFC X-Ray Astronomy (InterNetNews) (Press release). Retrieved 24 February 2019 – via SEDS.

[13] English, Neil (2018). Chronicling the Golden Age of Astronomy: A history of visual observing from Harriot to Moore. Springer. p. 91. ISBN 978-3319977072. Retrieved 9 October 2019.

[14] Finlay, W. H. (2003). Concise Catalog of Deep-sky Objects: Astrophysical information for 500 galaxies. Springer. ISBN 1-85233-691-9.

[15] "The Messier Marathon". Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS). 19 March 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014.

[16] Stoyan, Ronald; Binnewies, Stefan; Friedrich, Susanne (2008). Atlas of the Messier Objects: Highlights of the Deep Sky. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9783319977072.

[17] "Messier 1". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[18] "Messier 2". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[19] "Messier 3". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[20] "Messier 4". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[21] "Messier 5". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[22] "Messier 6". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[23] "Messier 7". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[24] Stoyan, Ronald (2008). Atlas of the Messier Objects: Highlights of the Deep Sky. Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0521895545.

[25] "Messier 9". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[26] "Messier 10". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[27] O'Meara, Stephen James; Levy, David H. (1998), Deep-Sky Companions: The Messier Objects, Cambridge University Press, p. 65, ISBN 978-0521553322

[28] "Messier 12". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[29] "Messier 13". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[30] "Messier 14". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[31] "Messier 15". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[32] "Messier 16". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[33] "Messier 17". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[34] "Messier 18". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[35] "Messier 19". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[36] "Messier 20 (The Trifid Nebula)". Hubble's Messier Catalog. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2022.

[37] "Messier 21". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[38] "Messier 22". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[39] Thompson, Robert; Thompson, Barbara (2007), Illustrated Guide to Astronomical Wonders: From Novice to Master Observer, DIY science, O'Reilly Media, Inc., p. 408, ISBN 978-0596526856

[French-40] French, Sue (July 2015). "Small Sagittarius star cloud: The Sagittarius Milky Way is host to dark nebulae and open clusters". Sky & Telescope. p. 56.

[41] "Messier 25". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[42] "Messier 26". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[43] "Messier 27". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[44] "Messier 28". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[45] "Messier 29". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[46] "Messier 30". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[47] "Messier 31". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[48] "Messier 32". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[49] "Messier 33". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[50] "Messier 34". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[51] "Messier 35". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[52] "Messier 36". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[53] "Messier 37". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[54] "Messier 38". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[55] "Messier 39". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[56] "Messier 40". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[57] "Messier 41". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[58] "Messier 42". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[59] "Messier 43". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[60] "Messier 44". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[61] "Messier 45". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[62] "Messier 46". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[63] Stoyan, Ronald (2008). Atlas of the Messier Objects: Highlights of the Deep Sky. Cambridge University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0521895545.

[64] "Messier 48". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[65] "Messier 49". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[66] "Messier 50". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

[67] "Messier 51". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[68] "Messier 52". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[69] "Messier 53". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[70] "Messier 54". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[71] "Messier 55". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[72] "Messier 56". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[73] "Messier 57". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[74] "Messier 58". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[75] "Messier 59". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[76] "Messier 60". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[77] "Messier 61". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[78] "Messier 62". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[79] "Messier 63". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[80] "Messier 64". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[81] "Messier 65". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[82] "Messier 66". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[83] "Messier 67". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[84] "Messier 68". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[85] "Messier 69". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[86] "Messier 70". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[87] "Messier 71". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[88] "Messier 72". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[89] "Messier 73". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[90] "Messier 74". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[91] "Messier 74 Phantom Galaxy". 24 July 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2020.

[92] "Messier 75". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[93] "Messier 76". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[94] "Messier 77". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[95] "Messier 78". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[96] "Messier 79". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[97] "Messier 80". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[98] "Messier 81". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[99] "Messier 82". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[100] "Messier 83". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[101] "Messier 84". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[102] "Messier 85". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[103] "Messier 86". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[104] "Messier 87". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[105] "Messier 88". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[106] "Messier 89". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[107] "Messier 90". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[108] "Messier 91". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[109] "Messier 92". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[110] "Messier 93". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[111] "Messier 94". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[112] "Messier 95". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[113] "Messier 96". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[114] "Messier 97". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[115] "Messier 98". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[116] "Messier 99". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[117] "Messier 100". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[118] "Messier 101". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[119] "Messier 102". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 28 December 2016.

[120] "Messier 103". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[121] "Messier 104". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[122] "Messier 105". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[123] "Messier 106". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[124] "Messier 107". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[125] "Messier 108". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[126] "Messier 109". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[127] "Messier 110". SEDS Messier catalog. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100