Melson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Boyd Melson, American boxer
- C.W. Melson (1929–1981), American politician
- Charles L. Melson (1904-1981), American admiral
- Isaac Melson Meekins (1875–1946), U.S. federal judge
- Joe Melson (born May 1935), American singer and songwriter
- Juanita Melson (1940s–2017), Singaporean radio personality
- Kenneth E. Melson (born c. 1948), American lawyer and acting ATF Director
- Robert Melson (political scientist), professor emeritus of political science and Jewish studies at Purdue University
- Silas Melson (born 1996), American basketball player