Article · Wikipedia archive · Last revised Jul 13, 2026

List of languages by time of extinction

An extinct language may be narrowly defined as a language with no native speakers and no descendant languages. Under this definition, a language becomes extinct upon the death of its last native speaker, the terminal speaker. A language like Latin is not extinct in this sense, because it evolved into the modern Romance languages; it is impossible to state when Latin became extinct because there is a diachronic continuum between ancestors Late Latin and Vulgar Latin on the one hand and descendants like Old French and Old Italian on the other; any cutoff date for distinguishing ancestor from descendant is arbitrary. For many languages which have become extinct in recent centuries, attestation of usage is datable in the historical record, and sometimes the terminal speaker is identifiable. In other cases, historians and historical linguists may infer an estimated date of extinction from other events in the history of the sprachraum.

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Languages in Danger categories

An extinct language may be narrowly defined as a language with no native speakers and no descendant languages. Under this definition, a language becomes extinct upon the death of its last native speaker, the terminal speaker. A language like Latin is not extinct in this sense, because it evolved into the modern Romance languages; it is impossible to state when Latin became extinct because there is a diachronic continuum (compare synchronic continuum) between ancestors Late Latin and Vulgar Latin on the one hand and descendants like Old French and Old Italian on the other; any cutoff date for distinguishing ancestor from descendant is arbitrary. For many languages which have become extinct in recent centuries, attestation of usage is datable in the historical record, and sometimes the terminal speaker is identifiable. In other cases, historians and historical linguists may infer an estimated date of extinction from other events in the history of the sprachraum.

List

21st century

Date Language Language family Region Terminal speaker Notes
7 March 2026 Hupa Na-Dene California, United States Verdena Parker 1
16 October 2025 Lekwungen dialect of North Straits Salish Salishan British Columbia, Canada Čeyɬəm (Elmer George) 2
20 September 2025 Aurê-Aurá Tupian Maranhão, Brazil Aurá 34
14 July 2025 Caddo Caddoan Oklahoma, United States Edmond Johnson5 Under a process of revival.
by 2024 Mawes Northwest Papuan? West Papua, Indonesia 67
2 May 2023 Columbia-Moses Salishan Washington, United States Pauline Stensgar8
by 2023 Itonama Isolate Beni Department, Bolivia 9
5 October 2022 Mednyj Aleut Mixed Aleut–Russian Commander Islands, Russia Gennady Yakovlev10
19 April 2022 Quapaw Siouan Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States Ardina Moore 11
16 February 2022 Yahgan Isolate Magallanes, Chile Cristina Calderón12
by 2022? Moghol Mongolic Herat Province, Afghanistan 13
25 September 2021 Wukchumni dialect of Tule-Kaweah Yokuts Yokuts California, United States Marie Wilcox14
27 August 2021 Yuchi Isolate Tennessee (formerly) and Oklahoma in the United States Maxine Wildcat Barnett15
7 March 2021 Bering Aleut dialect of Aleut Eskimo-Aleut Kamchatka Krai, Russia Vera Timoshenko16
by 2021 Warluwarra Pama-Nyungan Australia Extinct by 202117
after 2020 Dompo Niger–Congo Brong-Ahafo region, Banda District, Ghana 181920
2 December 2020 Tuscarora Iroquoian North Carolina, United States Kenneth Patterson21 Under a process of revival.22
4 April 2020 Aka-Cari dialect of Northern Andamanese Great Andamanese Andaman Islands, India Licho23
23 March 2019 Ngandi Gunwinyguan Northern Territory, Australia C. W. Daniels2425
4 January 2019 Tehuelche Chonan Patagonia, Argentina Dora Manchado2627
November 2018 Sapé Isolate Venezuela Ramón Quimillo Lezama 28
2018 Patwin Wintuan California, United States Bertha Wright Mitchell 29 Being taught in schools and learned by adults30
2017 Air Matoa Etna Bay, Indonesia 31
by 2017 Hokkaido Ainu Ainu Hokkaido, Japan 3233
9 December 2016 Mandan Siouan North Dakota, United States Edwin Benson34
30 August 2016 Wichita Caddoan Oklahoma, United States Doris McLemore35
29 July 2016 Gugu Thaypan Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia Tommy George36
11 February 2016 Nuchatlaht dialect of Nuu-chah-nulth Wakashan British Columbia, Canada Alban Michael37
4 January 2016 Whulshootseed dialect of Lushootseed Salishan Washington, United States Ellen Williams3839
by 2016 Marti Ke Western Daly Northern Territory, Australia Patrick Nudjulu or Agatha Perdjert40 41
4 February 2014 Klallam Salishan Washington, United States Hazel Sampson4243notes 1 being taught as a second language on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State44
5 June 2013 Livonian Uralic Latvia Grizelda Kristiņa45notes 2 Under a process of revival. 1 native speaker as of 2020.46
26 March 2013 Yurok Algic California, United States Archie Thompson47 Under a process of revival.48
by 2013 Demushbo Panoan Amazon Basin, Brazil 49 1 speaker in 2010.50
by 2013 Sabüm Mon–Khmer Perak, Malaysia 51
2 October 2012 Cromarty dialect of Scots Indo-European Northern Scotland, United Kingdom Bobby Hogg52
11 July 2012 Upper Chinook Chinookan Oregon, United States Gladys Thompson53
10 March 2012 Holikachuk Na-Dene Alaska, United States Wilson "Tiny" Deacon54
2012 Andoa Zaparoan Peru Hipólito Arahuanaza 55
2012 Mardijker Portuguese-based creole Jakarta, Indonesia Mimi Abrahams56
c. 2012 Dhungaloo dialect of Taribelang Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia Roy Hatfield57
by 2012 Dura Sino-Tibetan Nepal Soma Devi Dura58 59
10 April 2011 Apiaká Tupian Mato Grosso, Brazil Pedrinho Kamassuri60
2011 Lower Arrernte Pama-Nyungan Northern Territory, Australia Brownie Doolan Perrurle61
24 October 2010 Pazeh dialect of Pazeh–Kaxabu Austronesian Taiwan Pan Jin-yu62
20 August 2010 Cochin Indo-Portuguese Creole Portuguese-based creole Southern India William Rozario62
26 January 2010 Aka-Bo Andamanese Andaman Islands, India Boa Sr.63
by 2010 Piru dialect of Luhu Austronesian Maluku, Indonesia 64
November 2009 Aka-Kora Andamanese Andaman Islands, India Ms. Boro65
22 February 2009 Great Andamanese koiné Andamanese Andaman Islands, India Nao Jr.66
2009 Olrat Austronesian Banks Islands, Vanuatu Maten Olrat67
2009 Nyawaygi Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia Willie Seaton68
by 2009 Papora-Hoanya Austronesian Taiwan 69
30 July 2008 Tübatulabal Uto-Aztecan California, United States James Andreas 70
24 February 2008 Plains Apache Na-Dene Oklahoma, United States Alfred Chalepah Jr.
21 January 2008 Eyak Na-Dene Alaska, United States Marie Smith Jones71
2008 Oroch Tungusic Khabarovsk Krai, Russia
10 August 2007 Gros Ventre Algic Montana, United States Theresa Lamebull7273
2007 Northeastern Maidu Maiduan Central California, United States Under process of revival
by 2007 Rusenu Trans–New Guinea? eastern East Timor 74
by 2007 Hpun Sino-Tibetan Myanmar 75
11 July 2006 Wasco dialect of Upper Chinook Chinookan Oregon, United States Madeline Brunoe McInturff76
2006 Omurano Isolate Peru Esteban Macusi 777879
2006 Aghu Tharnggala Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia 80
2006 Ludza dialect of South Estonian Uralic Latvia Nikolājs Nikonovs81
by 2006 Zumaya Afroasiatic Cameroon 82 Most speakers have shifted to Fula.
3 November 2005 Osage Siouan Oklahoma, United States Lucille Roubedeaux83 being revived
2005 Berbice Creole Dutch Dutch-based creole Guyana Bertha Bell84
2005 Kerek Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotka Ekaterina Khatkana85 86
2005 Northern Pomo Pomoan California, United States
by 2005 Barrow Point Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia Urwunjin Roger Hart87
20 September 2004 Nüshu script unclassified Hunan, China Yang Huanyi8889
2004 Umotína Bororoan Mato Grosso, Brazil Julá Paré90
c. 2004? Duli-Gey Niger-Congo Cameroon 91
29 December 2003 Akkala Sami Uralic Kola Peninsula, Russia Marja Sergina9293 4 rememberers persisted as of 2018.
22 November 2003 Wintu Wintuan California, United States Flora Jones94
14 September 2003 Klamath-Modoc Plateau Penutian Oregon, United States Neva Eggsman9596
September 2003 Garig-Ilgar Pama-Nyungan Northern Territory, Australia 97
by 2003 Areba Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia 98
by 2003 Atampaya Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia 99
by 2003 Makolkol unclassified New Britain, Papua New Guinea possible Papuan language
4 November 2002 Serrano Uto-Aztecan California, United States Dorothy Ramon being revived
31 August 2002 Unami Algic Delaware, United States Edward Thompson100notes 3
23 May 2002 Gaagudju Isolate Northern Territory, Australia Big Bill Neidjie101
2002 Tandia Austronesian West Papua, Indonesia Speakers shifted to Wandamen.1026
2002 Akurio Cariban Suriname 103
by 2001 Amanayé Tupian Brazil 104
by 2001 Umbugarla Arnhem Land languages or
Darwin Region languages 		Northern Territory, Australia Butcher Knight
by 2001 Ngurmbur Arnhem Land languages or
Darwin Region languages 		Northern Territory, Australia Butcher Knight
2000 Máku (Jukude) Isolate Roraima, Brazil Sinfrônio Magalhães (Kuluta)
2000 Sowa Austronesian Pentecost, Vanuatu Maurice Tabi 105
c. 2000 Pémono Cariban Venezuela Juanita Garcia 106
c. 2000 Mapia Austronesian Mapia Atoll, Indonesia
c. 2000 Mesmes Afroasiatic Ethiopia Abegaz 107108
c. 2000 Kamarian Austronesian west Seram Island, Indonesia
c. 2000 Nagumi Niger-Congo Cameroon 109
c. 2000 Apolista Arawakan Apolobamba It is possible there are still a few very old speakers. There may be two distinct languages under this label.110
c. 2000 Rennellese Sign Language unclassified Solomon Islands Kagobai 111
c. 2000 Wanham Chapacuran Brazil Firmino Miguelem112 113
by 2000 Central Pomo Pomoan Northern California
c. 2000s Aribwatsa Lower Markham languages Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea Butoawê Exact date of extinction is unknown although it is believed to be in 2000. Most descendants have switched to the Bukawa language.
2000s Bahuana Arawakan Brazil
2000s Torá Chapacuran Brazil few semispeakers remain

20th century

Date Language
or dialect		 Language family Region Terminal speaker Notes
20th–21st century (?) Ayabadhu Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia 80
20th–21st century (?) Adithinngithigh Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia
20th–21st century (?) Arritinngithigh Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia
1980–2000 Tepecano Uto-Aztecan Central Mexico Lino de la Rosa Last known speaker was alive in 1980
1999 Nyulnyul Pama-Nyungan Australia Carmel Charles 114
1998 Mlahsô Afroasiatic Syria; Turkey Ibrahim Hanna 115
by 1998 Skepi Creole Dutch Dutch-based creole Guyana 116
1997–98 Ngarnka Pama-Nyungan Australia
after 1997 Aribwatsa Austronesian Papua New Guinea Butoawê117 118
January 1997 Sireniki Yupik Eskimo–Aleut Chukotka Peninsula, Russia Valentina Wye 119
1997 Guazacapán Xinca Xincan Santa Rosa, Guatemala 1 semispeaker
1997 Jumaytepeque Xinca Xincan By Volcán Jumaytepeque, Guatemala
after 1996 Hibito Hibito–Cholon Bobonaje River Valley Natividad Grández del Castillo 120
c. 1996 (?) Malaryan Dravidian Kerala and Tamil Nadu, India 121
16 December 1996 Chiwere Siouan Oklahoma and Kansas, United States Truman Washington Dailey 122
by 1996 Chiquimulilla Xinca Xincan Chiquimulilla, Guatemala The last semi-speaker Julian de la Cruz died in 1996.
by 1996 Katabaga Austronesian Philippines 123
by 1996 Palumata Austronesian? Maluku, Indonesia 124
by 1996 Seru Austronesian Sarawak, Malaysia 125
5 November 1995 Kasabe Niger–Congo Cameroon Bogon 126
6 August 1995 Martuthunira Pama-Nyungan Western Australia Algy Paterson 127
by 1995 Mandawaca Arawakan Venezuela, Brazil 128
late 1990s Munichi Isolate Loreto Region, Peru Victoria Huancho Icahuate
after 1994 Lachoudisch Indo-European Schopfloch, Bavaria 129
16 May 1994 Luiseño Uto-Aztecan Southern California Villiana Calac Hyde A revitalization process is happening.
30 April 1994 Sakhalin Ainu Ainu languages Japan Take Asai 130
by 1994 Burduna Pama-Nyungan Western Australia
by 1994 Ngunnawal Pama-Nyungan New South Wales, Australia 131 being revived
13 July 1993 Eastern Abnaki Algic Maine, United States Madeline Shay 132133
1993 Cholón Hibito–Cholon Huallaga River valley, Peru Victoria Cerquera Ojeda134 A few semispeakers remain.135
7 October 1992 Ubykh Northwest Caucasian Balıkesir Province, Turkey Tevfik Esenç 136
23 February 1991 Roncalese (Erronkariko) dialect of Basque Isolate Spain Fidela Bernat 137
1991 Ullatan Dravidian India 138
30 July 1990 Wappo Yuki–Wappo California, United States Laura Fish Somersal 139
early 1990s Hermit Austronesian Manus Province, Papua New Guinea It has been mostly replaced by Seimat.
c. 1990s Inku Indo-European Afghanistan 140
c. 1990s Lumaete dialect of Kayeli Austronesian central Maluku, Indonesia 141
1990s Taman Sino-Tibetan Myanmar 142
c. 1990s Unggumi Worrorra Australia Morndi Munro 143
1990s? Berti Saharan Dafur and Kordofan, Sudan
20 September 1989 Kamas Uralic Sayan Mountains, Soviet Union Klavdiya Plotnikova
March 1989 Leliali dialect of Kayeli Austronesian central Maluku, Indonesia 14177
after 1989 Hukumina Austronesian Maluku, Indonesia 144
1989 Miami-Illinois Algic along the Mississippi River, United States at least 500 users in 2016145
1989 Kungarakany Gunwinyguan Northern Territory, Australia Madeline England 77146
16 September 1988 Atsugewi Palaihnihan California, United States Medie Webster 147
1988 ǁXegwi Tuu South Africa Jopi Mabinda 148
1980s Bidyara Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia 149
after 1987 Hoti Austronesian Seram, Indonesia 150
c. 1987 Laua Trans-New Guinea Papua New Guinea
4 February 1987 Cupeño Uto-Aztecan California, United States Roscinda Nolásquez 151
1987 Dyangadi Pama-Nyungan New South Wales, Australia 152 137 speakers in 2021 census.153
1987 Negerhollands Dutch-based creole U.S. Virgin Islands Alice Stevens
by 1987 Basa-Gumna Niger-Congo Niger State/Plateau State, Nigeria 154
by 1987 Yugambal Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia 155
after 1986 Bikya Niger-Congo Cameroon
after 1986 Bishuo Niger-Congo Cameroon
April 1986 Jiwarli dialect, Mantharta Pama-Nyungan Australia Jack Butler 156
1986 Mangala Pama-Nyungan Western Australia 157
1986 Volow Austronesian Vanuatu Wanhan 158
late 1980s to early 1990s Cahuarano Zaparoan Along the Nanay River in Peru.
18 March 1984 Deeside dialect, Scottish Gaelic Indo-European Scotland Jean Bain 159
1984 Yavitero Arawakan Venezuela 77160
February 1983 Antrim Irish Indo-European Ireland Séamus Bhriain Mac Amhlaig 161162
c. 1983 Yangman Australian (Wardaman isolate) Northern Territory, Australia 163
after 1982 Tutelo Siouan Virginia, United States Albert Green
June 1982 Kansa Siouan Oklahoma, United States Ralph Pepper
1982 Bala Tungusic Zhangguangcai Range 164
1982 Dagoman Australian Northern Territory, Australia Martha Hart 165
by 1982 Dyugun Australian Western Australia 166
by 1982 Kato Na-Dene California, United States 167
after 1981 Dirari Pama-Nyungan South Australia 168
after 1981 Dyaberdyaber Pama-Nyungan Western Australia 169170
after 1981 Erre Australian Northern Territory, Australia 171
after 1981 Yawarawarga Pama-Nyungan Queensland and South Australia 172
after 1981 Ampanang Austronesian Kalimantan, Indonesia 173174 Ampanang was already moribund in 1905.175
c. 1981 Ternateño Portuguese Creole Maluku, Indonesia 176
1 May 1981 Pitta Pitta Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia with the deaths of Ivy Nardoo of Boulia177
1981 Nagarchal Dravidian? India unattested
1981 Warrungu Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia Alf Palmer 178179
by 1981 Bina Austronesian Central Province (Papua New Guinea)
1980 Twana Salishan Washington, United States 77180
1980 Yalarnnga Pama-Nyungan Australia
early 1980s Muruwari Pama-Nyungan Queensland and New South Wales, Australia 181
1980s Alchuka Tungusic Heilongjiang
1980s Kyakala (China) Tungusic Northeastern China
1980s Alngith Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia
1980s Tequiraca Isolate Loreto, Peru 2 people remembered the language in 2008.182
late 1970s - 1980s Flinders Island Pama-Nyungan Australia Johnny Flinders 178170
1971 – 1981 Kwadi Khoe southwestern Angola 183
1970s – 1980s Chicomuceltec Mayan Mexico; Guatemala
22 February 1979 Barranbinja Pama-Nyungan New South Wales, Australia Emily Margaret Horneville
1978 Shasta Shastan California, United States Clara Wicks 184
3 November 1977 Shuadit Indo-European southern France Armand Lunel 77185
24 August 1977 Ngawun Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia Cherry O'Keefe 186
13 July 1977 Nooksack Salishan Washington, United States Sindick Jimmy 77
1977 Arran Gaelic Indo-European Isle of Arran Donald Craig 187
by 1977 Babuza Austronesian Taiwan 188
by 1977 Luilang Austronesian Banqiao District 188
1976–1999 Kw'adza Afroasiatic Tanzania 189
after 1976 Muskum Afroasiatic western Chad 190
by 1975 Homa Niger-Congo southern Sudan 191
after 1974? Jorá Tupi Bolivia 192: 21  Speakers may still remain.193: 4 194
27 December 1974 Manx Indo-European Isle of Man, British islands Ned Maddrell Now being revived as a second language195
28 May 1974 Selkʼnam Chon Tierra del Fuego, Argentina Ángela Loijnotes 4
1974 Moksela Austronesian Maluku, Indonesia 196
by 1974 Cacaopera Misumalpan El Salvador 197
by 1974 Dicamay Agta Austronesian Luzon, Philippines The Dicamay Agta were killed by Ilokano homesteaders sometime between 1957 and 1974.
after 1973 Môa Remo Panoan Along the Môa River of Amazonas, Peru A word list was recorded in 1973.
9 October 1972 Tillamook Salishan Oregon, United States Minnie Scovell 77
5 February 1972 Hanis Coosan Oregon, United States Martha Harney Johnson 198
1972 Mbabaram Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia Albert Bennett 199
1972 Wyandot Iroquoian Oklahoma, United States; Quebec, Canada
by 1972 Yugh Yeniseian central Siberia, Soviet Union 77200
c. 1970s Cocoliche Italian-based pidgin Buenos Aires, Argentina Some content survived in the lunfardo slang of Rioplatense Spanish dialect
1970s Damin Constructed Mornington Island
1970s Lelak Austronesian Sarawak, Malaysia 201
late 20th century (?) Nganyaywana Pama-Nyungan Australia
late 20th century (?) Ngamini Pama-Nyungan South Australia
late 20th century (?) Nila Austronesian Nila Island, Indonesia Speakers were relocated to Seram due to volcanic activity on Nila202
late 20th century (?) Serua Austronesian Mount Serua, Indonesia Speakers were relocated to Seram due to volcanic activity on Serua202
late 20th century Yabaâna Arawakan Brazil 203
late 20th century Madhi Madhi Pama–Nyungan New South Wales, Australia Jack Long 204
late 20th century Newfoundland Irish Indo-European Newfoundland, Canada 205
late 20th century Soyot Turkic Buryatia, Khövsgöl Province Partly revitalized
late 20th century Saraveca Arawakan Eastern lowlands Bolivia
1968 Welsh-Romani Romani Wales, United Kingdom Manfri Wood 206
by 1968 Sened Afroasiatic Tunisia
after 1965 Barngarla Pama-Nyungan southern Australia Moonie Davis 207
after 1965 Napeca Chapacuran Bolivia Semispeakers remain.208
24 July 1965 Barbareño Chumashan California, United States Mary Yeenotes 5 209
1965 Ineseño Chumashan California, United States 210
1965 Wakawaka Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia 211
1965 Sapará Cariban Roraima, Brazil 212
after 1964 Paratio Xukuruan? Pesqueira, Pernambuco, Brazil It was spoken by a few people in Pesqueira in 1964.
after 1964 Tocantins Apiaká Cariban Pará, Brazil Loukotka (1968)
after 1964 Kustenau Arawakan Mato Grosso, Brazil
after 1964 Kunza unclassified (isolate?) Atacama Desert, Chile/Peru
c. 1964 Aariya? spurious? India 213
10 August 1963 Galice Na-Dene Oregon, United States Hoxie Simmons
10 January 1963 Upper Umpqua Na-Dene Oregon, United States Wolverton Orton
1962 Wiyot Algic California, United States Delia Prince 214
1961 Northeastern Pomo Pomoan California, United States
by 1961 Xocó unclassified Sergipe, Alagoas, Brazil Only a few people remembered the language in 1961. It is not clear if this is a single language.
by 1961 Pankararú unclassified Pernambuco, Alagoas, Brazil Only two people remembered the language in 1961.
1960 Oriel dialect of Irish Indo-European Ireland Annie O'Hanlon 215
1960 Siuslaw Isolate Oregon, United States Mary Barrett Elliott
1960 Gününa Küne Chon Argentina José María Cual216
1960s Cuitlatec Isolate Guerrero, Mexico Juana Can 217
1960s Luren Sino-Tibetan Guizhou
1960s Timor Pidgin Portuguese creole East Timor 218
16 April 1959 Catawba Siouan South Carolina, United States Chief Sam Blue 219
22 September 1958 Molala Isolate Oregon, United States Fred Yelkes 198
1958 Salinan Isolate California, United States
after 1957 Pauxiana Cariban Roraima, Brazil
after 1957 Jandiatuba Mayoruna Panoan Amazon basin, Brazil 220
25 March 1957 Natchez Isolate Mississippi, United States Nancy Raven 221222 The Natchez people are attempting to revive this language.223
1957 Lower Umpqua dialect of Siuslaw Isolate Oregon, United States Billy Dick 198
by 1956 Palmela Cariban South America 224
1952–1956 Aasáx Afroasiatic Tanzania 225
after 1954 Tây Bồi French-based Pidgin Vietnam 226227
1954 Central Kalapuya Kalapuyan Oregon, United States John B. Hudson 198
1954 Ifo Austronesian Erromanga Island, Vanuatu James Nalig 228
1952 Martha's Vineyard Sign Language Sign language Massachusetts, United States Katie West
1951 Alsea dialect Isolate (Alsean) Oregon, United States John Albert 198
by 1951 Xukuru Xukuruan Pernambuco and Paraíba, Brazil Known from a wordlist and sketch from Geraldo Lapenda (1962). Only rememberers remained by 1951.
c. 1950 Bohemian Romani mixed language Czechoslovakia, Central Europe after World War II, due to extermination of most of its speakers in Nazi concentration camps.
1950 Kaniet Austronesian Manus Province, Papua New Guinea 77229
c. 1950s Makuva Trans–New Guinea? East Timor 74
c. 1950s Kilit Indo-European Nakhchivan 230
c. 1950s Pijao unclassified (Cariban?) Tolima Department, Colombia 231
1950s Kepkiriwát Tupian Rondônia, Brazil
1950s Chimariko Isolate California, United States Martha Ziegler 232
mid-20th century Ventureño Chumashan California, United States
mid-20th century Basay Austronesian Taiwan
mid-20th century Slovincian Indo-European Pomerania, Poland
mid-20th century Southern Pame Oto-Manguean Southern Mexico
mid-20th century Sensi Panoan right bank of Ucayali River, Peru A word list was created by Günter Tessmann in 1930.233
around mid-20th century Tubar Uto-Aztecan Northern Mexico
around mid-20th century? Chico Maiduan Central California
6 December 1948 Tunica Isolate Louisiana, United States Sesostrie Youchigant 234
after 1947 Gafat Afroasiatic along the Abbay River, Ethiopia 235
after 1944 Opón-Carare Cariban Colombia 236
1943 Payagua Isolate (Mataco–Guaicuru?) Alto Paraguay, Paraguay María Dominga Miranda 237
3 March 1940 Pentlatch Salishan Vancouver Island, Canada Joe Nimnim 77 Being revived238239
28 January 1940 Chitimacha Isolate Louisiana, United States Delphine Ducloux 240
c. 1940 Eudeve Uto-Aztecan Sonora, Mexico
c. 1940s Chemakum Chimakuan Washington, United States
c. 1940s Ossory dialect of Irish Indo-European County Kilkenny, Ireland
c. 1940s Kitanemuk Uto-Aztecan California, United States Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, or Refugia Duran
c. 1940s Northern Manx dialect of Manx Indo-European Isle of Man 241
1940s Tongva Uto-Aztecan Southern California, United States being revived
22 May 1939 Rumsen Utian California, United States Isabel Meadows 242
9 May 1939 Miluk Coosan Oregon, United States Annie Miner Peterson 243
after 1937 Guarú dialect of Yucuna Arawakan Amazonas Department, Colombia Amanumá 244245
16 January 1937 Northern Kalapuya Kalapuyan Oregon, United States Louis Kenoyer
1937 Yoncalla Kalapuyan Oregon, United States Laura Blackery Albertson 246
after 1936 Yarumá Cariban South America
1936 Narungga Pama-Nyungan South Australia, Australia 247
8 January 1935 Biloxi Siouan Louisiana, United States Emma Jackson 248
1934 Juaneño Uto-Aztecan California, United States
1934 Chochenyo Utian California, United States José Guzmán 249
1934 Takelma Isolate Oregon, United States Frances Johnson 250
1933 Gabrielino Uto-Aztecan California, United States
1931–1951 Akarbale Andamanese Andaman Islands, India 251
1931–1951 Akakede Andamanese Andaman Islands, India 251
1931–1951 Opucikwar Andamanese Andaman Islands, India 251
after 1931 Tonkawa Isolate Oklahoma/Texas/New Mexico, United States
after 1931 Jaquirana Remo Panoan Amazonas, Brazil A word list was made in 1931.
after 1931 Tuxinawa Panoan Acre, Brazil A word list was made in 1931.
by 1931 Aka-Bea Andamanese Andaman Islands, India 251
by 1931 Okojuwoi Andamanese Andaman Islands, India 251
after 1930 Morique Arawakan Between the Ucayali River and Javari River
c. 1930 Mattole Na-Dene California, United States
29 January 1930 Mutsun Utian California, United States Ascencion Solorsano
1930s Pirlatapa Pama-Nyungan South Australia Blanche Tom The last rememberer, Fred Johnson, died in 1967.252
c. 1930s Cayuse unclassified Oregon, United States
c. 1930s Kathlamet Chinookan Washington/Oregon, United States Charles Cultee 198
c. 1930s Lower Chinook Chinookan Washington/Oregon, United States
c. 1930s Mahican Algic New York, United States
c. 1930s Clackamas dialect of Upper Chinook Chinookan Washington/Oregon, United States
c. 1930s Kitsai Caddoan Oklahoma, United States Kai Kai 253
c. 1930s Tapachultec Mixe–Zoque Southern Mexico
by 1930 Opata Uto-Aztecan Northern Mexico
between 1920 and 1940 Ajawa Afroasiatic Bauchi State, Nigeria 254
25 December 1929 Kaurna Pama-Nyungan South Australia Ivaritji 255 now being revived
c. 1929 Bear River dialect of Mattole Na-Dene California, US
1928 Ottoman Turkish Turkic Turkey Evolved into Turkish in 1928.
c. 1928 Anauyá Arawakan Castaño Viejo River Amazonas, Venezuela Only documentation was published in 1928.
after 1927 Teshenawa Afroasiatic Jigawa State, Nigeria 256
after 1927 Tarauacá Kashinawa Panoan Amazonas, Brazil A word list was made in 1927.
after 1927 Blanco River Remo Panoan Loreto Province, Peru
after 1927 Urupá Chapacuran Brazil
after 1927 Yarú Chapacuran Brazil
after 1927 Karipuna (Jau-Navo) Panoan Brazil
1927 Tsetsaut Na-Dene British Columbia, Canada 257
after 1925 Subtiaba Oto-Manguean (Subtiaba-Tlapanec) Nicaragua
1925 Papuan Pidgin English English-based pidgin British New Guinea 258
1925 Vanji Indo-European Emirate of Bukhara 259
after 1924 Auyokawa Afro-Asiatic Jigawa State
after 1921 Chagatai Turkic Central Asia including Turkmenistan Studied in Uzbekistan and Turkey.260
30 June 1921 Tataviam Uto-Aztecan California, United States Juan José Fustero
by 1921 Okol Andamanese Andaman Islands, India 261
after 1920s Sarghulami Indo-European Badakhshan May be spurious262
after 1920 Sinacantán Xinca Xincan Santa Rosa, Guatemala A word list was recorded by Walter Lehmann in 1920.
c. 1920 Mochica Isolate northwest Peru fully in 1995 with the death of Simón Quesquén263
c. 1920s Fergana Kipchak Turkic Fergana Valley 264
c. 1920s Otuke Bororoan Mato Grosso, Santa Cruz
1920s Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe Macro-Jê Brazil 265 fully in 1992 with the death of Bahetá.266267 Being revived
by 1920 Yupiltepeque Xinca Xincan Guatemala 268
c. 1918 Island Carib Cariban Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea Ma Gustave 269 An offshoot survives as Garifuna.
after 1917 Pochutec Uto-Aztecan Oaxaca, Mexico
15 June 1917 Obispeño Chumashan Southern California, United States Rosario Cooper 270
25 March 1916 Yahi Isolate California, United States Ishinotes 6 271
after 1915 Chiapanec Oto-Manguean Chiapas, Mexico There were only 3 speakers in 1915.272
1915 Yamhill dialect of Northern Kalapuya Kalapuyan Oregon, United States
1910s ǀXam Tuu South Africa
c. 1910s Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie Na-Dene Washington, United States 273
after 1908 Siraya Austronesian southwestern Taiwan 274 being revived
18 July 1908 Mohegan-Pequot Algic southern New England, United States Fidelia Fielding 275
after 1906 Arazaire Panoan Cusco Province, Peru A word list was recorded in 1906.
24 February 1905 Flinders Island lingua franca (Tasmanian) unclassified (Tasmanian) Tasmania, Australia Fanny Cochrane Smithnotes 7 276277
after 1904 Atsawaka Panoan Puno Province, Peru There were 20 speakers in 1904.
after 1902 Dyirringany Pama–Nyungan New South Wales, Australia
between 1900 and 1920 Russian Kyakala dialect of Udege language Tungusic Russia 278
between 1900 and 1920 Jangil Ongan Andaman Islands, India 279
c. 1900 Henniker Sign Language Village sign New Hampshire, United States
c. 1900 Moran Sino-Tibetan Assam, India 280
May 1900 Moriori Austronesian Chatham Island, New Zealand Hirawanu Tapu281
1900 Wulguru Pama-Nyungan Australia
by 1900 Classical Mandaic Afroasiatic Iran; Iraq 282
by 1900 Piro Pueblo Tanoan New Mexico, United States
1900s Iazychie Indo-European Halychyna, Bukovina, Zakarpattia 283
1900s Judeo-Venetian Indo-European Venice 284
1900s Rotvælsk Indo-European Denmark 285
early 20th century Atakapa Isolate Louisiana/Texas, United States
early 20th century Nari-Nari Pama–Nyungan New South Wales, Australia Angus Myers286
early 20th century Kamakã Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil A few words of Kamakã have been preserved to the modern day.287
early 20th century Jersey Dutch Dutch-based creole New Jersey, United States
early 20th century Kazukuru Austronesian New Georgia, Solomon Islands
early 20th century Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin Chinese/Russian-based contact language
early 20th century Chaná Charruan Uruguay
early 20th century Marawán Arawakan Brazil
early 20th century East Leinster dialect, Irish Indo-European Ireland 288
early 20th century Ingain Macro-Jê Santa Catarina, Brazil
beginning of 20th century Rangas Sino-Tibetan Uttarakhand 289

19th century

Date Language Language family Region Notes
after 19th century Wiriná Arawakan Brazil
19th–20th century Yuri Ticuna-Yuri Along the Caquetá River. May have developed into Carabayo.
19th–20th century Eora/Dharug Pama-Nyungan Queensland and New South Wales, Australia 290 Being revived
later 19th century (?) Mbara Pama-Nyungan Australia 291
late 19th century Adai Isolate Louisiana, United States
late 19th century Purí Isolate (Purian) southeastern Brazil
late 19th century Coroado Purí dialect of Puri Isolate (Purian) southeastern Brazil
late 19th century Istrian Albanian Albanian Croatia
late 19th century Shebaya Arawakan Trinidad
late 19th century Chuvan Yukaghir Anadyr basin of Chukotka in Russia 292
late 19th century Aruã Arawakan Marajó
late 19th century Quiripi Algic Connecticut/New York/New Jersey, United States 293
after 1899 Nawathinehena Algic Oklahoma and Wyoming, United States294
by 1899 Ahom Tai India
by 1899 Waling Sino-Tibetan Nepal 295
10 June 1898 Dalmatian Indo-European Croatia; Montenegro with the death of Tuone Udaina.296297
after 1892 Awabakal Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia
after 1886 Maritsauá Tupian Mato Grosso, Brazil Word list was made in 1884 during the Xingú river expedition.298
after 1886 Solteco Zapotec Oto-Manguean Oaxaca, Mexico
after 1886 Cotoname Isolate Mexico; Texas, United States
after 1886 Yanda Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia Only documentation was made in 1886.
after 1884 Yaquina dialect of Alsea Isolate (Alsean) Oregon, United States
by 1884 Chapacura Chapacuran Bolivia
after 1880 Kenaboi unclassified (isolate?) Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
c. 1880 Auregnais Indo-European Alderney, United Kingdom
1877 Aruá Arauan Brazil
8 May 1876 Bruny Island Eastern Tasmanian (Tasmanian) Tasmania, Australia with the death of Truganininotes 8
1870s Boanarí Cariban Amazonas, Brazil 300 Only documentation was published in 1875.301
mid-1870s Yola Indo-European Wexford, Ireland 302
1870s–1890s Yokohamese Japanese based pidgin Yokohama 303
1864 Xakriabá Macro-Jê Minas Gerais state, Brazil
after 1862 Malalí Macro-Jê Minas Gerais, Brazil There were 30 Malalí people in 1862.
1862 Caquetio Arawakan Aruba with the death of Nicolaas Pyclas304
after 1858 Karankawa unclassified Texas, United States concurrent with the extermination of the tribe at the hands of Juan Cortina
c. 1857 Woiwurrung–Taungurung Pama-Nyungan Victoria, Australia
26 December 1856 Nanticoke Algic Delaware and Maryland, United States with the death of Lydia Clark305
12 January 1855 Wampanoag Algic Massachusetts, United States Nantucket Wampanoag disappeared with the death of Dorcas Honorable306
after 1853 Samaritan Afroasiatic West Bank, Palestine/Israel Still used as a liturgical language307
19 October 1853 Nicoleño Uto-Aztecan California, United States with the death of Juana Maria308
after 1851 Wainumá-Mariaté Arawakan Amazonas, Colombia A word list was collected by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1851.
c. 1850 Norn Indo-European Northern Isles, United Kingdom with the death of Walter Sutherland309310
mid-19th century Shinnecock Algic New York, United States
mid-19th century Betoi Betoi-Saliban? Orinoco Llanos
mid-19th century Jaikó Macro-Jê southeastern Piauí
c. 1850s Kott Yeniseian central Siberia, Russia 200
c. 1840s Mator Uralic Sayan Mountains, Russia
after 1840s Bororo of Cabaçal Macro-Jê languages Mato Grosso, Brazil
after 1839 Gulidjan Pama-Nyungan Victoria, Australia
1838 Nottoway Iroquoian Virginia, United States with the death of Edith Turner
after 1836 Wathawurrung Pama-Nyungan Victoria, Australia
after 1835 Pali Indo-European India; Myanmar 311
after 1833 Esselen Isolate California, United States
after 1833 Cararí Arawakan Mucuim River, Amazonas, Brazil A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1833.
after 1832 Charrúa Charruan Entre Ríos Province and Uruguay
after 1832 Güenoa Charruan Entre Ríos Province and Uruguay
after 1832 Aroaqui Arawakan Lower Rio Negro Brazil A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1832.
after 1832 Parawana Arawakan Lower Branco River Brazil A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1832.
after 1831 Mepuri Arawakan Amazonas, Brazil A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1831.
after 1831 Mainatari Arawakan Siapa River (Orinoco basin) Venezuela A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1831.
6 June 1829 Beothuk unclassified (Algic disputed) Newfoundland, Canada with the death of Shanawdithit312
after 1828 Comecrudo Comecrudan Mexico; Texas, United States
after 1828 Garza Comecrudan Mexico
after 1828 Mamulique Comecrudan Nuevo León, Mexico
c. 1827 Pimenteira Cariban South America 313 recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in the 1810s
after 1824 Amarizana Arawakan Meta Department, Colombia 314
after 1821 Karkin Utian California, United States
after 1821 Omok Yukaghir Sakha and Magadan in Russia
1820s–1830s Acroá Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil
after 1819 Peerapper Tasmanian Tasmania, Australia
after 1818 Kamurú Kariri Eastern Brazil recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in 1818
after 1818 Sabujá Kariri Bahia, Brazil recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in 1818
after 1818 Koropó Macro-Jê Minas Gerais, Brazil recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in the 1810s
after c. 1810s Kotoxó Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in the 1810s
after c. 1810s Arakajú Cariban Pará, Brazil recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in the 1810s
after c. 1810s Kariaí Arawakan Roraima, Brazil recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in the 1810s
after c. 1810s Andoquero Witotoan Colombia 315
after c. 1810s Waraikú Arawakan Brazil recorded by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in the 1810s
after 1815 Tambora unclassified (Papuan) Sumbawa following the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora.316
after 1808 Nuennone Tasmanian Tasmania, Australia
c. 1803 Bunwurrung Pama-Nyungan Victoria, Australia
c. 1800 Krevinian Uralic Latvia 317
c. 1800 Pallanganmiddang Pama-Nyungan Victoria, Australia
c. 19th century Assan dialect of Kott Yeniseian central Siberia, Russia 200
c. 19th century Coptic Afroasiatic Egypt apparently only in scattered places since the 17th century;318 still in use as a liturgical language
c. 19th century Crimean Gothic Indo-European Crimea, Ukraine
c. 19th century Mangue Oto-Manguean Central America
c. 19th century Sandy River Valley Sign Language Martha's Vineyard Sign Language or isolate Maine, United States
c. 19th century Volga Türki Turkic Idel-Ural Evolved into Bashkir and Tatar.
19th century Chorotega Oto-Manguean Costa Rica; Nicaragua 319
19th century Niuatoputapu Austronesian Niuatoputapu Island, Tonga 320
19th century Kemi Sami Uralic Lapland, Finland 321
19th century Matagalpa Misumalpan Nicaragua
19th century Mediterranean Lingua Franca Romance-based Pidgin Tunisia; Greece; Cyprus 322
19th century Ramaytush Utian California, United States
19th century Solombala English English–Russian pidgin Solombala Shipyard 323
19th century Amazon Mayoruna Panoan Amazon basin, Brazil, Peru, and Colombia
early 19th century Cochimí Yuman-Cochimi Baja California, Mexico
early 19th century Wila' Austroasiatic Seberang Perai, Malaysia
early 19th century Yurats Samoyedic central Siberia, Russia

Early modern period

Date Language Language family Region Notes
late 18th century Esuma Kwa southern Côte d'Ivoire 324
late 18th century Maipure Arawakan Upper Orinoco region
late 18th century Ruthenian Indo-European Eastern Slavic regions of Poland-Lithuania Evolved into Belarusian, Ukrainian and Rusyn.
after late 1790s Chiriba Panoan Moxos Province, Bolivia All that was recorded of it was a list of seven words in the late 1790s.
after 1794 Magiana Arawakan Bolivia Attested only with the wordlist in Palau, Mercedes and Blanca Saiz 1989 [1794].
c. 1790s Powhatan Algic eastern Virginia, United States
c. 1790s Ramanos unclassified (isolate?)325 Moxos Province, Bolivia
after 1788 Otomaco Otomakoan Venezuelan Llanos Known from a wordlist by Father Gerónimo José de Luzena written in December of 1788.
after 1788 Taparita Otomakoan Venezuelan Llanos
26 December 1777 Cornish Indo-European Cornwall, England with the death of Dolly Pentreath326notes 9
after 1770 Weyto unclassified Ethiopia
after 1770 Tamanaku Cariban Venezuela
1770 Cuman Turkic north of Black Sea; Hungary with the death of István Varró327
c. 1770s Abipón Mataco–Guaicuru Argentina
after 1763 Susquehannock Iroquoian Northeastern United States After the Conestoga massacre.
by 1763 Quingnam unclassified Peru 328
1760 Galwegian dialect, Scottish Gaelic Indo-European Scotland, United Kingdom with the death of Margaret McMurray
3 October 1756 Polabian Indo-European around the Elbe river, Poland/Germany with the death of Emerentz Schultze329
1740 Pumpokol Yeniseian central Siberia, Russia 200330
late 1730s Arin Yeniseian central Siberia, Russia with the death of Arzamas Loskutov200
after 1709 Dzubukuá Kariri Pernambuco, Brazil
18th century Ajem-Turkic Turkic Iran, Eastern Anatolia, the South Caucasus and Dagestan Evolved into Azerbaijani.
18th century Chané dialect of Terêna Arawakan Argentina
18th century Chibcha Chibchan Colombia
18th century Classical Gaelic Indo-European Ireland and Scotland, United Kingdom The literary language. Fell out of use with the collapse of Gaelic society.331
18th century Coahuilteco Isolate/unclassified Mexico; Texas, United States
18th century Loup Algic Massachusetts and Connecticut, United States
18th century Manao Arawakan Brazil
18th century Plateau Sign Language Contact pidgin Columbia Plateau, United States
early 18th century Apalachee Muskogean Florida, United States
early 18th century Old Prussian Indo-European Poland being revived332
by 18th century Merya Uralic Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia Reconstructed within the ideology of ethnofuturism from local toponymy and dialectology of the Upper Volga region in the 21st century.333
17th to 18th century? Acaxee Uto-Aztecan Northwestern Mexico unattested; all known documentation has been lost
17th to 18th century? Xixime Uto-Aztecan? Northwestern Mexico
by 1700 Pidgin Delaware Delaware-based pidgin Delaware, United States 334
late 17th century Sudovian Indo-European Lithuania
after 1699 Kipeá Kariri Eastern Brazil
after 1666 Old Kentish Sign Language Village sign language Kent, England 335
after mid-17th century Favorlang Austronesian Taiwan
after 1643 Narragansett Algic New England, United States 336
after 1640 Yao Cariban Trinidad and French Guiana Attested in a 52-word 1640 word list recorded by Joannes de Laet.
c. 1635 Jurchen Tungusic Manchuria, China 337 Evolved into Manchu.
after 1618 Carolina Algonquian Algic North Carolina, United States 338
17th century Andalusi Arabic Afroasiatic southern Spain
17th century Armeno-Kipchak Turkic Crimea 339
17th century Adhari Indo-European Iranian Azerbaijan 340
17th century Basque–Icelandic pidgin Basque–Icelandic Pidgin Iceland 341
17th century Cazcan Uto-Aztecan Mexico
17th century Curonian Indo-European Latvia
17th century Ebro Valley Aragonese Indo-European Ebro Valley 342
17th century Etchemin Algic Maine, United States
17th century Gorgotoqui Macro-Jê eastern Bolivia unattested
17th century Navarrese Romance Indo-European Kingdom of Navarre
16th–18th century Gorgani Indo-European Gorgan 343
late 16th century Knaanic Indo-European Czech Republic; Poland
late 16th century Laurentian Iroquoian Quebec/Ontario, Canada
after 1586 Palta unclassified Ecuador known from only 4 words
after 1548 Taino Arawakan The Bahamas and Puerto Rico
c. 1535 Cueva Chocoan (?) Darién Province, Panama The Cueva people were exterminated between 1510 and 1535 during Spanish colonization.
after 1516 Mamluk-Kipchak Turkic Egypt and Syria 344
after 1502 Tangut Sino-Tibetan northwestern China; southern Mongolia
16th century Guanahatabey unclassified Pinar del Río Province and Isla de la Juventud, Cuba only known from placenames345
16th century Guanche unclassified, maybe Berber Canary Islands, Spain 346
16th century Judaeo-Portuguese Indo-European Belmonte, Portugal
16th century Meshchera Uralic Meshchera Lowlands 347
16th century Navarro-Aragonese Indo-European southern Navarre, Spain Aragonese is still spoken as a minority language in Spain.
16th century Old Novgorod Indo-European Novgorod Republic 348
16th century Semigallian Indo-European Latvia; Lithuania

Post-classical period

Date Language Language family Region Notes
end of 15th century Mozarabic Indo-European Spain; Portugal 349
after 1492 Judaeo-Aragonese Indo-European North Central Spain After the Alhambra Decree
after 1492 Judaeo-Catalan Indo-European Eastern Spain After the Alhambra Decree
late 15th century Greenlandic Norse Indo-European Greenland
late 15th century Selonian Indo-European Latvia; Lithuania
15th century African Romance Indo-European Roman Africa 350
15th century Jassic Indo-European Hungary 351
15th century Old Anatolian Turkish Turkic Anatolia Emerged in Anatolia late 11th century, and developed into early Ottoman Turkish.
15th century Old Nubian Eastern Sudanic Nubia 352 Evolved into Nobiin.
15th century Tamna Japonic? Tamna 353
15th century Valencian Aragonese Indo-European Kingdom of Valencia
14th century Bulgar Turkic Volga and Danube, Europe; Central Asia By the 9th or 10th centuries on the Danube and by the 14th century in the Volga region. It may have ultimately given rise to the Chuvash language, which is most closely related to it.
14th century Daylami Indo-European South Caspian Sea 354
14th century Franco-Italian Indo-European Northern Italy 355
14th century Galician-Portuguese Indo-European northwestern Spain, northern Portugal Evolved into Galician, Portuguese, Eonavian and Fala. Some linguists argue that said languages could all still be considered modern varieties of Galician-Portuguese itself.
14th century Khorezmian Turkic Turkic Central Asia Evolved into Chagatai.
14th century Old Uyghur Turkic Central Asia, East Asia
14th century West Galindian Indo-European northern Poland
14th century Zarphatic Indo-European northern France; west-central Germany
after 20 June 1244 Khitan Mongolic Central Asia with the death of Yelü Chucai356notes 10
13th century Karakhanid Turkic Central Asia Evolved into Khorezmian Turkic.
13th century Pyu Sino-Tibetan central Myanmar
13th century Old Riojan Indo-European La Rioja
13th century Siculo-Arabic Afroasiatic Emirate of Sicily 357 Evolved into Maltese.
13th century Skalvian Indo-European Scalovia
12–13th centuries Balhae Tungusic? Balhae
12th century AD Golyad Indo-European Protva basin Only known member of the Dnieper-Oka language.358
12th century AD Khwarezmian Indo-European Khwarazm
12th century AD Pecheneg Turkic Eastern Europe
between 1000 and 1300 Khazar Turkic northern Caucasus; Central Asia
11th – 12th century AD Cumbric Indo-European England/Scotland, United Kingdom
11th – 12th century AD Jewish Babylonian Aramaic Afroasiatic Iraq 359
c. 1000 Lombardic Indo-European central Europe; northern Italy
c. 1000 Moselle Romance Indo-European Moselle 360
between 1000 and 1300 Muromian Uralic Vladimir Oblast, Russia
c. 1000 Old Church Slavonic Indo-European Eastern Europe still used as a liturgical language
c. 1000 Shauraseni Prakrit Indo-European Medieval India 361
c. 1000 Sogdian Indo-European Sogdia 362 Evolved into Yaghnobi.
10th – 12th century AD Syriac Afroasiatic Turkey; Iraq; Syria now only used as liturgical language363
10th – 12th century AD Samaritan Aramaic Afroasiatic West Bank, Palestine; Israel now only used as liturgical language364
10th century AD Himyaritic Afroasiatic Yemen
10th century AD Paishachi Indo-European North India 365
10th century AD Pannonian Latin Indo-European Pannonia 366
10th century AD Saka Indo-European Xinjiang, China Evolved into Wakhi.
10th century AD Zhang-Zhung Sino-Tibetan western Tibet (Central Asia)
9th century AD or later Pictish Indo-European Scotland, United Kingdom
850 AD Tocharian A Indo-European Tarim Basin (Central Asia) 367
850 AD Tocharian B Indo-European Tarim Basin 368
850 AD Tocharian C Indo-European Tarim Basin 369
9th century AD Gothic Indo-European Spain; Portugal; Italy With the exception of Crimean Gothic
8th century AD Aghwan Northeast Caucasian Azerbaijan 370 Evolved into Udi.
8th century AD British Latin Indo-European Roman Britain 371
8th century AD Orkhon Turkic Turkic Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Eastern Asia Evolved into Old Uyghur.
7th–10th century? Goguryeo Puyŏ, possibly Koreanic Korea, China
after AD 620 Rouran Mongolic or isolate Northern China and Mongolia 372
c. 600 Avestan Indo-European Iran 373
7th century AD Baekje Koreanic Korea may be more than one language.
7th century AD Buyeo Puyŏ, possibly Koreanic Manchuria
7th century AD Gaya unclassified Korea 374
7th century AD Mahan Koreanic? Mahan confederacy 374
after 6th century AD Di unclassified western China
6th century AD Ancient Cappadocian Indo-European Anatolia 375
6th century AD Burgundian Indo-European Kingdom of the Burgundians 376
6th century AD Dacian Indo-European Balkans Possibly evolved into Albanian, or influenced to it.
6th century AD Gaulish Indo-European Gaul: France, Belgium, Germany and elsewhere
6th century AD Illyrian Indo-European western Balkans disputed
6th century AD Okjeo Koreanic? Okjeo 374
6th century AD Sabaean Afroasiatic Horn of Africa; Arabic Peninsula
6th century AD Tuyuhun Para-Mongolic Northern China Spoken around AD 500.377
6th century AD Vandalic Indo-European Spain; North Africa
6th century AD Ye-Maek Koreanic? Yemaek 374

Ancient period

Date Language Language family Region Notes
after 5th century Wusun Indo-European between the Qilian Mountains and Dunhuang
after 5th century Tuoba Mongolic or Turkic Northern China
5th – 6th century Hadramautic Afroasiatic Dhofar Mountains
before 6th century Ligurian unclassified, possibly Celtic or Indo-European northwestern Italy; southeastern France 378
after 453 Hunnic unclassified, possibly Oghuric from the Eurasian steppe into Europe
c. AD 400 Egyptian Afro-Asiatic Ancient Egypt 379 Evolved into Coptic.
c. AD 400 Meroitic unclassified, maybe Nubian Sudan
5th century Alanic Indo-European Alania and Iberia 380 Evolved into Ossetian.
5th century Isaurian Indo-European Anatolia
5th century Thracian Indo-European eastern and central Balkans
early 5th century Punic Afroasiatic North Africa
after AD 400 Phrygian Indo-European southeastern Bulgaria; Anatolia 381
4th century AD Hismaic Afroasiatic Ḥismā Oasis 382
4th century AD Aquitanian Isolate or Vasconic Novempopulania and Basque Country Possibly evolved into Basque, or is a sister language to it.
4th century AD Galatian Indo-European central Anatolia
4th century AD Geʽez Afroasiatic Ethiopia; Eritrea still used as a liturgical language383
4th century AD Biblical Hebrew Afroasiatic Israel revived in the 1880s
after 351 AD Jie Yeniseian? North China Close to Pumpokol.384
after 300 AD Parthian Indo-European Iran
after AD 274 Palmyrene Aramaic Afroasiatic Palmyrene Empire extended to the Western Roman Empire as far as Britannia385
after AD 267 Thamudic Afroasiatic Kingdom of Thamud 386
3rd century AD Gandhari Indo-European Gandhara 387
3rd century AD Rhaetic unclassified, maybe Tyrsenian eastern Alps
3rd century AD Safaitic Afroasiatic Syria 388
3rd century AD Sidicini Indo-European Italy
3rd century AD Xianbei Para-Mongolic Xianbei state
c. 200 CE Qatabanian Afroasiatic Yemen
c. 200 CE Wuhuan Para-Mongolic Inner Mongolia 389
after 2nd century AD Noric Indo-European Austria; Slovenia
after 2nd century AD Pisidian Indo-European southwestern Anatolia
after AD 150 Bactrian Indo-European Afghanistan
AD 150 Marsian Indo-European Marsica 390
AD 100 Akkadian Afroasiatic Mesopotamia 391
AD 100 Armazic Afroasiatic South Caucasus 392
AD 100 Etruscan Tyrsenian central Italy

393

AD 100 Hasaitic Afroasiatic Al-Ahsa Oasis 394
c. 2nd century AD Celtiberian Indo-European central-eastern Spain
c. 2nd century AD Gallaecian Indo-European northwestern Spain, northern Portugal
2nd century AD Lusitanian Indo-European Portugal, southwestern Spain
c. 2nd century AD Nuragic Indo-European Sardinia
c. 2nd century AD Sorothaptic Indo-European eastern Spain
after 1st century AD Xiongnu unclassified (Yeniseian?)395 Mongolia possibly multiple languages
1st – 2nd century AD Iberian unclassified Spain; France
1st – 2nd century AD Paeonian Indo-European Macedonia; Greece; Bulgaria
c. AD 50 Lycaonian unclassified Lycaonia
1st century AD Liburnian Indo-European western Croatia
1st century AD Median Indo-European Persia 396
1st century AD Nabataean Arabic Afro-Asiatic Levant, Sinai Peninsula and northwest Arabia
1st century AD Venetic Indo-European northeastern Italy
c. AD 100 Oscan Indo-European southern Italy
50 BC Cisalpine Gaulish Indo-European Cisalpine Gaul 397
1st century BC Elymian unclassified western Sicily
1st century BC Lycian Indo-European southwestern Anatolia
1st century BC Lydian Indo-European western Anatolia
1st century BC Messapic Indo-European Apulia, Italy
1st century BC Mysian Indo-European northwestern Anatolia
1st century BC Sabine Indo-European central Italy
1st century BC Sicanian unclassified central Sicily
1st century BC Sicel Indo-European eastern Sicily
1st century BC Umbrian Indo-European central Italy
early 1st millennium BC Eteocretan Isolate/unclassified Crete, Greece
1st millennium BC Milyan Indo-European Anatolia
c. 100 BC Paelignian Indo-European Valle Peligna 398
100 BC Vestinian Indo-European east-central Italy 399
c. 150 BC Faliscan Indo-European Tuscany/Latium, Italy
c. 100 BC Minaean Afro-Asiatic Yemen
2nd century BC Phoenician Afro-Asiatic Canaan, North Africa, Cyprus, Iberia, Sicily, Malta and Sardinia
232 BC Ashokan Prakrit Indo-European South Asia 400
c. 3rd century BC Aequian Indo-European Latium, east-central Italy
c. 3rd century BC Carian Indo-European southwestern Anatolia
c. 3rd century BC Elu Indo-European Sri Lanka 401 Evolved into Sinhala and Dhivehi.
c. 3rd century BC Lucanian Indo-European Lucania 402
c. 3rd century BC Siculian Indo-European Sicily 403
c. 3rd century BC Sidetic Indo-European southwestern Anatolia
c. 3rd century BC Volscian Indo-European Italy; Latium
c. 200 BC Numidian Afro-Asiatic Numidia 404
early 4th century BC Eteocypriot Isolate/unclassified Cyprus
4th century BC Ancient Macedonian Indo-European northeastern Greece
4th century BC Kassite Hurro-Urartian? Babylon 405
4th century BC South Picene Indo-European Picenum 406
c. 300 BC Marrucinian Indo-European Chieti 407
c. 300 BC Philistine unclassified, maybe Indo-European Israel; Palestine; Lebanon
c. 350 BC Elamite Isolate Persia; southern Mesopotamia
after 5th century BC Tartessian unclassified Spain 408
5th century BC Ammonite Afroasiatic northwestern Jordan
5th century BC Moabite Afroasiatic northwestern Jordan
5th century BC North Picene unclassified Picenum
c. 400 BC Lepontic Indo-European northern Italy
early 5th century BC Oenotrian Indo-European Southern Italy 409
second half of the 1st millennium BC Dadanitic Afroasiatic Lihyan 410
after 6th century BC Lemnian Tyrsenian Lemnos, Greece 411
second half of the 6th century BC Taymanitic Afroasiatic Tayma 412
500 BC Lanuvian Indo-European Lanuvium
500 BC Praenestinian Indo-European Palestrina
500 BC Pre-Samnite Indo-European Campania 413
6th century BC Edomite Afroasiatic southwestern Jordan
6th century BC Urartian Hurro-Urartian Armenia; Georgia; Iraq; Anatolia
620–580 BC Cimmerian Indo-European North Caucasus and West Asia 414
c. 600 BC Dumaitic Afroasiatic Dumat al-Jandal 415
c. 600 BC Lullubian Hurro-Urartian? Lullubi Kingdom
c. 600 BC Luwian Indo-European Anatolia; northern Syria
730s BC Samalian Afro-Asiatic Samʾal 416
770s BC South Gileadite Afro-Asiatic Deir Alla 417
after 800 BC Kaskian Unclassified Northeastern Anatolia and Colchis 418
c. 1000 BC Hurrian Hurro-Urartian Anatolia; Syria; Mesopotamia
c. 1050 BC Cypro-Minoan unclassified Cyprus may have evolved into Eteocypriot.
c. 1100 BC Sutean Afro-Asiatic Northeast Syria Spoken around 2100 BC
c. 1100 BC Hittite Indo-European Anatolia
after 1170 BC Ugaritic Afroasiatic Syria following the destruction of Ugarit
after 1200 BC Kalasmaic Indo-European Kalasma 419
c. 1200 BC Mycenaean Greek Indo-European Mycenaean Greece and western Anatolia 420
after 1300s BC Mitanni-Aryan Indo-European Mitanni 421
c. 1300 BC Palaic Indo-European northwest Anatolia
c. 1450 BC Minoan unclassified Crete may have evolved into Eteocretan.
c. 1500 BC Hattic unclassified, possibly Northwest Caucasian Anatolia
c. 1600 BC Amorite Afro-Asiatic Levant
c. 1900 BC Harappan unclassified, possibly Dravidian Indus River 422
c. 2000-1800 BC Sumerian Isolate Mesopotamia used as a literary and liturgical language until about 100 AD423
3rd-2nd millenium BC Subarian Hurro-Urartian? Subartu
after 2200 BC Gutian unclassified Zagros Mountains?
3rd millennium BC Eblaite Afroasiatic Syria 424

Unknown date

Language Language family Region Notes
Arma-Pozo Chocoan? Colombia
Atanque Chibchan Cesar Department, Colombia
Aushiri Zaparoan Loreto, Peru
Cabre Arawakan Colombia
Chakpa Sino-Tibetan Manipur
Community of Villages Aragonese Indo-European Kingdom of Aragon
Conambo Zaparoan Northeastern Peru, near the Conambo River. Some consider Conambo to be a dialect of Záparo.
Dorasque Chibchan Panama and Costa Rica
Duit Chibcha Boyacá, Colombia One fragment analysed by scholar Ezequiel Uricoechea in 1871.
Ermiteño Chavacano Ermita, Manila, Philippines Spanish-based creole
Garachi Indo-European Azerbaijan
Gueren Macro-Jê Minas Gerais, Brazil
Huetar Chibchan Alajuela, Costa Rica
Juma Cariban Rondônia, Brazil
Kambojan Indo-European Kamboja Kingdom
Kulon Austronesian Taiwan
Loun Austronesian Maluku Islands
Mangaló Macro-Jê Bahia and Minas Gerais
Masakará Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil
Maynas Cahuapanan Loreto, Peru
Menién Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil
Nam Sino-Tibetan Central Asia
Nutabe Chibchan Santa Fe de Antioquia, Colombia
Old Catio Chibchan Santa Fe de Antioquia, Colombia
Olmec unclassified, possibly Mixe-Zoque Mexico
Pahlavani Indo-European Chakhansur District
Paleo-Corsican unclassified Corsica
Paravilhana Cariban Roraima, Brazil
Pasé Arawakan Brazil
Purukotó Cariban Brazil, Venezuela
Quimbaya unclassified Colombia very poorly attested
Rocorona Chapacuran Bolivia
Sinúfana Chocoan? Colombia Poorly attested
Sorung Austronesian Erromango
Suebian Indo-European Elbe basin and northwestern Iberia
Tiverigoto Cariban Venezuela
Vazimba Austronesian Madagascar
Villa Viciosa Agta Austronesian Villaviciosa, Abra Philippines unattested
Voto Chibchan Costa Rica
Waamwang Austronesian Voh, New Caledonia
Wajumará Cariban Roraima, Brazil
Western Jicaque Tolan Honduras
Yumana Arawakan Brazil
Zacateco Uto-Aztecan Zacatecas, Durango Wordlist appears to be close to Huichol425
See also

See also

Notes

Notes

  1. Last surviving native speaker.
  2. Last surviving native speaker; some children still learn it as a second language.
  3. Brother of Lenape traditionalist and language preservation activist Nora Thompson Dean
  4. The last full-blooded Selkʼnam Indian, but some have suggested certain people remained fluent in the language until the 1980s.
  5. Last attested speaker of a Chumashan language
  6. Last member of the Yahi, the last surviving group of the Yana people who spoke Yana
  7. Considered to be the last fluent speaker of a Tasmanian language.
  8. Considered to be the last full-blood speaker of a Tasmanian language;299 however, Fanny Cochrane Smith, who spoke one of the Tasmanian languages, outlived her.
  9. Possibly the last fluent native speaker of the Cornish language, was monoglot until her twenties. See Last speaker of the Cornish language.
  10. Last person known to speak, read, and write in Khitan.
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