Article · Wikipedia archive · Last revised Aug 1, 2026

List of canids

Canidae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, which includes domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals, dingoes, and many other extant and extinct dog-like mammals. A member of this family is called a canid; all extant species are a part of a single subfamily, Caninae, and are called canines. They are found on all continents except Antarctica, having arrived independently or accompanied human beings over extended periods of time. Canids vary in size, including tails, from the 2 meter wolf to the 46 cm (18 in) fennec fox. Population sizes range from the Falkland Islands wolf, extinct since 1876, to the domestic dog, which has a worldwide population of over 1 billion. The body forms of canids are similar, typically having long muzzles, upright ears, teeth adapted for cracking bones and slicing flesh, long legs, and bushy tails. Most species are social animals, living together in family units or small groups and behaving cooperatively. Typically, only the dominant pair in a group breeds, and a litter of young is reared annually in an underground den. Canids communicate by scent signals and vocalizations. One canid, the domestic dog, entered into a partnership with humans at least 14,000 years ago and today remains one of the most widely kept domestic animals.

Last revised
Aug 1, 2026
Read time
≈ 23 min
Length
5,360 w
Citations
194
Source
Wikipedia ↗
10 of the 13 extant canid genera left-to-right, top-to-bottom: Canis, Cuon, Lycaon, Cerdocyon, Chrysocyon, Speothos, Vulpes, Nyctereutes, Otocyon, and Urocyon source ↗

Canidae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, which includes domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals, dingoes, and many other extant and extinct dog-like mammals. A member of this family is called a canid; all extant species are a part of a single subfamily, Caninae, and are called canines. They are found on all continents except Antarctica, having arrived independently or accompanied human beings over extended periods of time. Canids vary in size, including tails, from the 2 meter (6 ft 7 in) wolf to the 46 cm (18 in) fennec fox. Population sizes range from the Falkland Islands wolf, extinct since 1876, to the domestic dog, which has a worldwide population of over 1 billion.1 The body forms of canids are similar, typically having long muzzles, upright ears, teeth adapted for cracking bones and slicing flesh, long legs, and bushy tails.2 Most species are social animals, living together in family units or small groups and behaving cooperatively. Typically, only the dominant pair in a group breeds, and a litter of young is reared annually in an underground den. Canids communicate by scent signals and vocalizations.3 One canid, the domestic dog, entered into a partnership with humans at least 14,000 years ago and today remains one of the most widely kept domestic animals.4

The 13 extant genera and 37 species of Caninae are primarily split into two tribes: Canini, which includes 11 genera and 19 species, comprising the wolf-like Canina subtribe and the South American Cerdocyonina subtribe; and Vulpini, the fox-like canids, comprising 3 genera and 15 species. Not included in either tribe is the genus Urocyon, which includes 2 species, mainly comprising the gray fox and believed to be basal to the family. Additionally, one genus in Canini, Dusicyon, was composed of two recently extinct species, with the South American fox going extinct around 400 years ago and the Falkland Islands wolf going extinct in 1876.

In addition to the extant Caninae, Canidae contains two extinct subfamilies designated as Hesperocyoninae and Borophaginae. Extinct species have also been placed into Caninae, in both extant and extinct genera; at least 80 extinct Caninae species have been found, as well as over 70 species in Borophaginae and nearly 30 in Hesperocyoninae, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed. The earliest canids found belong to Hesperocyoninae, and are believed to have diverged from the existing Caniformia suborder around 37 million years ago.5

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (2 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (4 species)
 VU Vulnerable (0 species)
 NT Near threatened (5 species)
 LC Least concern (26 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (0 species)
 NE Not evaluated (1 species)

The author citation for the species or genus is given after the scientific name; parentheses around the author citation indicate that this was not the original taxonomic placement. Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the canid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species, unless otherwise noted. All extinct species (or subspecies) listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol: "†".

Classification

Worldwide
Canidae distribution source ↗

The family Canidae consists of 37 extant species belonging to 13 genera and divided into 194 extant subspecies, as well the extinct genus Dusicyon, comprising two extinct species, and 13 extinct wolf subspecies, which are the only canid species to go extinct since prehistoric times. This does not include hybrid species (such as wolfdogs or coywolves) or extinct prehistoric species (such as the dire wolf or Epicyon). Modern molecular studies indicate that the 13 genera can be grouped into 3 tribes or clades.

Subfamily Caninae

Caninae

Canids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, such as the promotion of the African golden wolf to a separate species from the golden jackal, and splitting out the Lupulella genus from Canis. Range maps are based on IUCN range data. There are several additional proposals which are disputed, such as the promotion of the red wolf and eastern wolf as species from subspecies of the wolf, which are marked with a "(debated)" tag.

Subfamily Caninae

Tribe Canini

Genus Atelocynus – Cabrera, 1940 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationa
Short-eared dog

Black small-eared canine

 A. microtis
(Cabrera, 1940)

Two subspecies
  • A. m. microtis
  • A. m. sclateri
Western Amazon rainforest in South America
Map of range 		Size: 72–100 cm (28–39 in) long, plus 24–35 cm (9–14 in) tail6

Habitat: Wetlands, forest, and savanna7

Diet: Fish, insects, and small mammals, as well as fruit, birds, and crabs78 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining7

Genus Canis – Linnaeus, 1758 – six species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationa
African wolf

Gray and brown canine in grass

 C. lupaster
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832

Six subspecies
 North and northeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail9

Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, and savanna10

Diet: Wild boar and livestock, as well as other mammals and fruit1011 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining10

Coyote

Gray and brown canine on road

 C. latrans
Say, 1823

Nineteen subspecies
  • C. l. cagottis (Mexican coyote)
  • C. l. clepticus (San Pedro Martir coyote)
  • C. l. dickeyi (El Salvador coyote)
  • C. l. frustor (Southeastern coyote)
  • C. l. goldmani (Belize coyote)
  • C. l. hondurensis (Honduras coyote)
  • C. l. impavidus (Durango coyote)
  • C. l. incolatus (Northern coyote)
  • C. l. jamesi (Tiburón Island coyote)
  • C. l. latrans (Plains coyote)
  • C. l. lestes (Mountain coyote)
  • C. l. mearnsi (Mearns' coyote)
  • C. l. microdon (Lower Rio Grande coyote)
  • C. l. ochropus (California valley coyote)
  • C. l. peninsulae (Peninsula coyote)
  • C. l. texensis (Texas plains coyote)
  • C. l. thamnos (Northeastern coyote)
  • C. l. umpquensis (Northwest coast coyote)
  • C. l. vigilis (Colima coyote)
North America
Map of range 		Size: 100–135 cm (39–53 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail12

Habitat: Forest, desert, shrubland, and grassland13

Diet: Wide variety of foods, including both small and large mammals, fruit, and insects13 		 LC 


1 million+ Population increasing1314

Dog

Dog in mud

 C. familiaris
Linnaeus, 1758 		Worldwide Size: Varies by breed

Habitat: Domesticated

Diet: Varied 		 NE 


1 billion1 Unknown

Ethiopian wolf

Red canine on grassy rocks

 C. simensis
Rüppell, 1840

Two subspecies
  • C. s. citernii (Southern Ethiopian wolf)
  • C. s. simensis (Northern Ethiopian wolf)
Ethiopian Highlands
Map of range 		Size: 84–100 cm (33–39 in) long, plus 27–40 cm (11–16 in) tail15

Habitat: Inland wetlands, grassland, shrubland, and rocky areas16

Diet: Rodents as well as small mammals1617 		 EN 


200 Population declining16

Golden jackal

Gray and brown canine next to grass

 C. aureus
Linnaeus, 1758

Six subspecies
  • C. a. aureus (Persian jackal)
  • C. a. cruesemanni (Indochinese jackal)
  • C. a. indicus (Indian jackal)
  • C. a. moreoticus (European jackal)
  • C. a. naria (Sri Lankan jackal)
  • C. a. syriacus (Syrian jackal)
Eastern Europe, Middle East, and southern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 60–132 cm (24–52 in) long, plus 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tail18

Habitat: Forest, grassland, shrubland, and savanna19

Diet: Wide variety of foods, including small to large mammals, birds, fish, fruit, and insects1918 		 LC 


Unknown, but at least 150,000 Population increasing19

Wolf

Gray canine on road

 C. lupus
Linnaeus, 1758

39 subspecies
 Eurasia and northern North America
Map of range 		Size: 105–160 cm (41–63 in) long, plus 29–50 cm (11–20 in) tail20

Habitat: Forest, desert, rocky areas, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands21

Diet: Large ungulates, as well as small animals, carrion, and berries2122 		 LC 


300,000 Population steady2123

Genus Cerdocyon – C. E. H. Smith, 1839 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationa
Crab-eating fox

Gray canine in jungle

 C. thous
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Five subspecies
  • C. t. aquilus
  • C. t. azarae
  • C. t. entrerianus
  • C. t. germanus
  • C. t. thous
Eastern and northern South America
Map of range 		Size: 64 cm (25 in) long, plus 28 cm (11 in) tail24

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands25

Diet: Crabs and insects, as well as rodents, birds, turtles, eggs, fruit, and carrion2425 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady25

Genus Chrysocyon – C. E. H. Smith, 1839 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationa
Maned wolf

Red, furry canine in grass

 C. brachyurus
(Illiger, 1815) 		Central South America
Map of range 		Size: 100–130 cm (39–51 in) long, plus 45 cm (18 in) tail2627

Habitat: Forest, wetlands, grassland, shrubland, and savanna28

Diet: Fruit, arthropods, and small and medium vertebrates28 		 NT 


17,000 Unknown28

Genus Cuon – Hodgson, 1838 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationa
Dhole

Red canine in grass

 C. alpinus
(Pallas, 1811)

Three subspecies
 Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 40–45 cm (16–18 in) tail29

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and shrubland30

Diet: Ungulates, as well as small rodents and hares30 		 EN 


1,000–2,200 Population declining30

Genus Dusicyon† – C. E. H. Smith, 1839 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationa
Falkland Islands wolf†

Stuffed gray canine

 D. australis
(Kerr, 1792) 		Falkland Islands at tip of South America
Map of range 		Size: Unknown

Habitat: Grassland and shrubland31

Diet: Unknown31 		 EX 


0b Population steady31

South American fox†

Illustration of gray canine

 D. avus
(Burmeister, 1866) 		Southern South America Size: Unknown

Habitat: Grassland and shrubland32

Diet: Unknown32 		 EX 


0c Population steady32

Genus Lupulella – Hilzheimer, 1906 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationa
Black-backed jackal

Brown and black canine in shrubland

 L. mesomelas
(Schreber, 1775)

Two subspecies
  • L. m. mesomelas (Cape black-backed jackal)
  • L. m. schmidti (East African black-backed jackal)
Southern Africa and eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 60–95 cm (24–37 in) long, plus 16–40 cm (6–16 in) tail34

Habitat: Marine intertidal, forest, desert, grassland, shrubland, and savanna35

Diet: Small to medium-sized mammals and birds3536 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady35

Side-striped jackal

Gray and brown canine next to grass

 L. adustus
(Sundevall, 1847)

Seven subspecies
  • L. a. adustus (Sundevall's side-striped jackal)
  • L. a. bweha
  • L. a. centralis
  • L. a. grayi
  • L. a. kaffensis (Kaffa side-striped jackal)
  • L. a. lateralis
  • L. a. notatus (East African side-striped jackal)
Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 69–81 cm (27–32 in) long, plus 30–41 cm (12–16 in) tail37

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands38

Diet: Small to medium-sized mammals and fruit, as well as birds, insects, grass, and carrion3839 		 LC 


3 million Population steady3840

Genus Lycalopex – Burmeister, 1854 – six species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationa
Culpeo

Gray canine on barren ground

 L. culpeo
(Molina, 1782)

Six subspecies
  • L. c. andinus
  • L. c. culpaeus
  • L. c. lycoides
  • L. c. magellanicus
  • L. c. reissii
  • L. c. smithersi
Western South America
Map of range 		Size: 95–132 cm (37–52 in) long, plus 32–44 cm (13–17 in) tail41

Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, grassland, shrubland, and savanna42

Diet: Rodents and lagomorphs, as well as livestock and guanacos4243 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady42

Darwin's fox

Small dark canine in grass

 L. fulvipes
(Martin, 1837) 		Limited areas in southern Chile
Map of range 		Size: 48–59 cm (19–23 in) long, plus 18–26 cm (7–10 in) tail44

Habitat: Forest and shrubland45

Diet: Small mammals, insects, crabs, and fruit4445 		 EN 


600-2,500 Population declining45

Hoary fox

Gray canine howling in grass

 L. vetulus
(Lund, 1842) 		South-central Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 49–71 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 25–38 cm (10–15 in) tail44

Habitat: Savanna46

Diet: Insects, as well as small rodents, birds, reptiles, and fruit4446 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown46

Pampas fox

Gray canine in barren grass

 L. gymnocercus
(Waldheim, 1814)

Five subspecies
  • L. g. antiquus
  • L. g. domeykoanus
  • L. g. gracilis
  • L. g. gymnocercus
  • L. g. maulinicus
Southern South America
Map of range 		Size: 51–74 cm (20–29 in) long, plus 25–41 cm (10–16 in) tail44

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and savanna47

Diet: Small rodents, hares, birds, insects, and fruit, as well as carrion4447 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady47

Sechuran fox

Gray canine

 L. sechurae
(Thomas, 1900) 		Sechura Desert in southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru
Map of range 		Size: 50–78 cm (20–31 in) long, plus 27–34 cm (11–13 in) tail44

Habitat: Forest, desert, grassland, and shrubland48

Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as small rodents, birds, reptiles, insects, scorpions, and carrion4448 		 NT 


15,000 Unknown4849

South American gray fox

Gray canine in grass

 L. griseus
(Gray, 1837) 		Southern South America
Map of range 		Size: 50–66 cm (20–26 in) long, plus 12–34 cm (5–13 in) tail44

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and shrubland50

Diet: Small rodents, hares, and carrion4450 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady50

Genus Lycaon – Brookes, 1827 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationa
African wild dog

Black, brown, and white canine in yellow grass

 L. pictus
(Temminck, 1820)

Five subspecies
 Scattered areas of Africa. Extant regions in red; probably extant region in yellow.
Map of range 		Size: 76–112 cm (30–44 in) long, plus 30–42 cm (12–17 in) tail44

Habitat: Forest, grassland, shrubland, savanna, and desert51

Diet: Medium-sized antelope51 		 EN 


1,400 Population declining51

Genus Speothos – Lund, 1839 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationa
Bush dog

Small brown canine in grass

 S. venaticus
(Lund, 1842)

Three subspecies
  • S. v. panamensis (Panamanian bush dog)
  • S. v. venaticus (South American bush dog)
  • S. v. wingei (Southern bush dog)
Northern South America
Map of range 		Size: 57–75 cm (22–30 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail52

Habitat: Shrubland, forest, grassland, and savanna53

Diet: Small and medium mammals, as well as birds, reptiles, and fruit53 		 NT 


15,000 Population declining5354

Tribe Vulpini

Genus Nyctereutes – Temminck, 1839 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationa
Common raccoon dog

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 N. procyonoides
(Gray, 1834)

Four subspecies
  • N. p. procyonoides (Chinese raccoon dog)
  • N. p. koreensis (Korean raccoon dog)
  • N. p. orestes (Yunnan raccoon dog)
  • N. p. ussuriensis (Ussuri raccoon dog)
Mainland Eastern Asia, introduced to Central and Eastern Europe (note: map includes range of N. viverrinus)
Map of range 		Size: 49–71 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail44

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and shrubland55

Diet: Insects, rodents, amphibians, birds, fish, and reptiles, as well as fruit, nuts, and berries55 		 LC 


Unknown, but at least 1.5 million in fur farms Population steady5556

Japanese raccoon dog

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 N. viverrinus
(Temminck, 1838) 		Japan Size: 49–71 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail44

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and shrubland55

Diet: Insects, rodents, amphibians, birds, fish, and reptiles, as well as fruit, nuts, and berries55 		 NE 


Unknown

Genus Otocyon – Müller, 1835 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationa
Bat-eared fox

Brown fox with large ears

 O. megalotis
(Desmarest, 1822)

Two subspecies
  • O. m. megalotis
  • O. m. virgatus
Southern and Eastern Africa (megalotis in green, virgatus in red)
Map of range 		Size: 46–61 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 23–34 cm (9–13 in) tail44

Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, and savanna57

Diet: Harvester termites as well as other arthropods57 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady57

Genus Vulpes – Frisch, 1775 – twelve species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationa
Arctic fox

Arctic fox in the snow facing the viewer

 V. lagopus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Five subspecies
  • V. l. lagopus (Common Arctic Fox)
  • V. l. beringensis (Bering Islands Arctic fox)
  • V. l. foragoapusis (Greenland Arctic fox)
  • V. l. fuliginosus (Iceland Arctic fox)
  • V. l. pribilofensis (Pribilof Islands Arctic fox)
Arctic North America and Eurasia
Map of range 		Size: 50–75 cm (20–30 in) long, plus 25–43 cm (10–17 in) tail44

Habitat: Grassland58

Diet: Lemmings, as well as other rodents, birds, and reindeer58 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady58

Bengal fox

Brown fox in the grass

 V. bengalensis
(Shaw, 1800) 		India
Map of range 		Size: 39–58 cm (15–23 in) long, plus 25–32 cm (10–13 in) tail44

Habitat: Grassland and shrubland59

Diet: Arthropods, rodents, reptiles, fruit, and birds59 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining59

Blanford's fox

Brown fox on rocks

 V. cana
Blanford, 1877 		The Middle East and Central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 34–47 cm (13–19 in) long, plus 26–36 cm (10–14 in) tail44

Habitat: Desert and rocky areas60

Diet: Fruit and insects60 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady60

Cape fox

Brown and gray fox in the grass

 V. chama
(A Smith, 1833) 		Southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 45–61 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 25–41 cm (10–16 in) tail44

Habitat: Rocky areas, grassland, shrubland, and savanna61

Diet: Fruit and insects61 		 LC 


20,000 Population steady61

Corsac fox

Gray fox in front of brick wall

 V. corsac
(Linnaeus, 1768)

Three subspecies
  • V. c. corsac
  • V. c. kalmykorum
  • V. c. turkmenicus
Central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–60 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 19–34 cm (7–13 in) tail44

Habitat: Desert, grassland, and shrubland62

Diet: Insects and small rodents62 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown62

Fennec fox

Large-eared fox on rock

 V. zerda
(Zimmermann, 1780) 		Northern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 33–40 cm (13–16 in) long, plus 13–23 cm (5–9 in) tail44

Habitat: Desert and marine coastal/supratidal63

Diet: Rodents, insects, birds, eggs, and rabbits63 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown63

Kit fox

Gray fox standing in grass

 V. macrotis
Merriam, 1888

Two subspecies
 Western North America
Map of range 		Size: 46–54 cm (18–21 in) long, plus 25–34 cm (10–13 in) tail44

Habitat: Shrubland, savanna, and grassland64

Diet: Rodents, rabbits, invertebrates, birds, lizards, and snakes64 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining64

Pale fox

Painting of a light brown fox

 V. pallida
(Cretzschmar, 1827)

Five subspecies
  • V. p. cyrenaica
  • V. p. edwardsi
  • V. p. harterti
  • V. p. oertzeni
  • V. p. pallida
Upper middle Africa
Map of range 		Size: 38–55 cm (15–22 in) long, plus 23–29 cm (9–11 in) tail44

Habitat: Desert, grassland, shrubland, and savanna65

Diet: Plants and berries as well as rodents, reptiles, and insects65 		 LC 


10,000–100,000 Unknown65

Rüppell's fox

Red and gray fox on the snow

 V. rueppellii
(Schinz, 1825) 		Northern Africa and the Middle East
Map of range 		Size: 35–56 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 25–39 cm (10–15 in) tail44

Habitat: Desert, shrubland, and marine coastal/supratidal66

Diet: Small mammals, lizards, birds, and insects, as well as fruit and succulents66 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady66

Red fox

Red fox on grass

 V. vulpes
(Linnaeus, 1758)

44 subspecies
  • V. v. abietorum (British Columbian fox)
  • V. v. alascensis (Northern Alaskan fox)
  • V. v. alpherakyi (Eastern Trans-Caucasian fox)
  • V. v. anatolica (Anatolian fox)
  • V. v. arabica (Arabian red fox)
  • V. v. atlantica (Atlas fox)
  • V. v. bangsi (Labrador fox)
  • V. v. barbara (Barbary fox)
  • V. v. beringiana (Anadyr fox)
  • V. v. cascadensis (Cascade red fox)
  • V. v. caucasica (North Caucasian fox)
  • V. v. crucigera (European fox)
  • V. v. daurica (Trans-Baikal fox)
  • V. v. deletrix (Newfoundland fox)
  • V. v. dolichocrania (Ussuri fox)
  • V. v. dorsalis
  • V. v. lavescens (Turkmenian fox)
  • V. v. fulvus (American red fox)
  • V. v. harrimani (Afghan red fox)
  • V. v. hoole (Southern Chinese fox)
  • V. v. ichnusae (Sardinian fox)
  • V. v. indutus (Cyprus fox)
  • V. v. jakutensis (Yakutsk fox)
  • V. v. japonica (Japanese fox)
  • V. v. karagan (Karaganka fox)
  • V. v. kenaiensis (Kenai Peninsula fox)
  • V. v. kurdistanica (Trans-Caucasian fox)
  • V. v. macroura (Wasatch Mountains fox)
  • V. v. montana (Hill fox)
  • V. v. necator (Sierra Nevada red fox)
  • V. v. niloticus (Nile fox)
  • V. v. ochroxantha (Turkestan fox)
  • V. v. palaestina (Palestinian fox)
  • V. v. peculiosa (Korean fox)
  • V. v. pusilla (White-footed fox)
  • V. v. regalis (Northern plains fox)
  • V. v. rubricosa (Nova Scotia fox)
  • V. v. schrencki (Sakhalin fox)
  • V. v. silacea (Iberian fox)
  • V. v. splendidissima (Kuril Islands fox)
  • V. v. stepensis (Steppe red fox)
  • V. v. tobolica (Tobol'sk fox)
  • V. v. tschiliensis (Northern Chinese fox)
  • V. v. vulpes (Scandinavian red fox)
North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia
Map of range 		Size: 62–72 cm (24–28 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail67

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, forest, and desert68

Diet: Small rodents, as well as birds, larger mammals, reptiles, insects, and fish68 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady68

Swift fox

Gray fox on dirt

 V. velox
(Say, 1823) 		Western grasslands of North America
Map of range 		Size: 48–54 cm (19–21 in) long, plus 25–34 cm (10–13 in) tail44

Habitat: Grassland69

Diet: Rabbits, mice, ground squirrels, birds, insects and lizards, as well as grasses and fruit69 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady69

Tibetan fox

Gray and brown fox with rabbit in mouth

 V. ferrilata
Hodgson, 1842 		High plateaus in Nepal and western China
Map of range 		Size: 49–70 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 22–29 cm (9–11 in) tail44

Habitat: Desert, rocky areas, grassland, and shrubland70

Diet: Pikas, as well as carrion and other small mammals70 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown70

Urocyon

Genus Urocyon – Baird, 1857 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationa
Gray fox

Gray fox on a rock

 U. cinereoargenteus
(Schreber, 1775)

Sixteen subspecies
  • U. c. borealis
  • U. c. californicus
  • U. c. cinereoargenteus
  • U. c. costaricensis
  • U. c. floridanus
  • U. c. fraterculus
  • U. c. furvus
  • U. c. guatemalae
  • U. c. madrensis
  • U. c. nigrirostris
  • U. c. ocythous
  • U. c. orinomus
  • U. c. peninsularis
  • U. c. scottii
  • U. c. townsendi
  • U. c. venezuelae
North America and Central America
Map of range 		Size: 53–66 cm (21–26 in) long, plus 28–44 cm (11–17 in) tail44

Habitat: Forest and shrubland71

Diet: Rabbits, voles, shrews, and birds, as well as insects and fruit71 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady71

Island fox

Gray and red fox in shrubland

 U. littoralis
(Baird, 1857)

Six subspecies
  • U. l. catalinae
  • U. l. clementae
  • U. l. dickeyi
  • U. l. littoralis
  • U. l. santacruzae
  • U. l. santarosae
Channel Islands of California
Map of range 		Size: 46–63 cm (18–25 in) long, plus 12–32 cm (5–13 in) tail44

Habitat: Marine intertidal, forest, grassland, and shrubland72

Diet: Fruit, insects, birds, eggs, crabs, lizards, and small mammals72 		 NT 


4,000 Population increasing72

Notes

Notes

  1. Population figures rounded to the nearest hundred. Population trends as described by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
  2. The Falklands Island wolf is believed to have been driven extinct in 187631
  3. The South American fox is believed to have gone extinct sometime between 1454 and 162633
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