| Kayan–Murik | |
|---|---|
| Kayan–Murik–Merap1 | |
| Geographic distribution | central Borneo (East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, Sarawak, and West Kalimantan) |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | kaya1336 |
The Kayan–Murik languages are a group of Austronesian languages spoken in Borneo by the Kayan, Murik, and Bahau peoples.
Languages
The Kayan–Murik languages include:
Smith (2017, 2019)
Smith (2017, 2019) classifies the Kayanic languages as follows:12
Notable sound changes
Glottalisation of final vowels
In all Kayan–Murik languages, final vowels *-a, *-i, and *-u are closed with a glottal stop (similar to Banyumasan or Ngapak dialect of Javanese). This process resulted -aʔ, -eʔ, and -oʔ in most languages, but two latter outcomes are instead -ayʔ and -awʔ in Merap.3
However, the Kayan–Murik languages have different treatments regarding syllables ending in *-ʔ (inherited from PMP *-q). Data Dian Kayan (DDK) and Bahau lengthen PMP *-aq into -aːʔ (but -iʔ and -uʔ), Busang simply retains the glottal stops without any lengthening, meanwhile, Long Naah Kayan (LNK) and Balui Liko Kayan (BLK) deleted *-q altogether.4
Final voiced stops
Original final voiced stops have been altered to some extent in the Kayan–Murik languages. In LNK and DDK, *-b and *-d became nasalised into -m and -n, respectively (similar to Karo Batak). Meanwhile, in BLK and Busang, both are lenited into -v and -r. However, in Bahau, Ngorek, and Merap, the outcomes of final voiced stops are more variable, with *-b devoiced into -p, but *-d evolved into -l (Bahau), and then nasalised into -n (Ngorek and Merap).5
Vowel breaking before velar consonants
In DDK, BLK, and additionally Uma Juman Kayan (UJK), vowels *a and *i were broken into eə and iə, before velar consonants *k or *ŋ (*anak 'child' → aneək).6
Outcomes of *z and *s
In Bahau, PMP *s was debuccalised to h in all positions (eventually merging with the outcome of PMP *ʀ), while *z chain shifted to s. In other languages, *s was only debuccalised in initial, or final position; therefore, it is still retained in the medial position (merging with medial *-z-). Meanwhile, initial *z- became j- instead in these languages. However, in BLK and Busang, *-s was further deleted in the final position, but this rule did not apply for *-ʀ, nor the sequence *əs in Busang. Because of this, Alexander D. Smith speculates that the Proto-Kayanic outcome for PMP *z is *c, while *s remains unchanged.7
| PMP | → | Daughter |
|---|---|---|
| *pusuʔ 'heart' | Bahau puhuʔ | |
| *uzan 'rain' | Bahau usan | |
| *bətis 'calf' | Busang bəti | |
| *hapəjəs 'smarting pain' | Busang pərah | |
| *qitəluʀ 'egg' | Busang təloh |
Sequences of nasals and voiced consonants
In most Kayan–Murik languages, such sequences (*mb, *nd, *nj, *ŋg) have evolved into *b, *d, *j, *g, by deleting the homorganic nasals.8 This change followed the lenition of medial *-b- and *-d- into -v- (-f- in DDK and Bahau) and -r- in Kayan languages.8 However, in Murik and Merap, they merged with *mp, *nt, *nc, *ŋk, with devoiced plosives.9
References
References
- Smith 2017, p. 442.
- Smith, Alexander D. (2019). "A Reconstruction of Proto-Segai-Modang". Oceanic Linguistics. 58 (2): 353–385. doi:10.1353/ol.2019.0012.
- Smith 2017, p. 83.
- Smith 2017, p. 54–57.
- Smith 2017, p. 65–66.
- Smith 2017, p. 59.
- Smith 2017, p. 57–58.
- Smith 2017, p. 53.
- Smith 2017, p. 64.
Bibliography
- Smith, Alexander D. (2017). THE LANGUAGES OF BORNEO: A COMPREHENSIVE CLASSIFICATION (Thesis). University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.
External links
External links
- Kaipuleohone archived materials of Kayan from the Robert Blust collection (RB2-003-A, RB2-003-C).