| Hui'an | |
|---|---|
| 惠安话 / 惠安話 | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Mainly in Hui'an and parts of Quangang District (formerly part of Hui'an), South Fujian province. |
Early forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-jda |
The Hui'an dialect (simplified Chinese: 惠安话; traditional Chinese: 惠安話; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hūi-oaⁿ-ōe) is a variety of Chinese mostly spoken in Hui'an in South Fujian Province, China. It belongs to the Hokkien subgroup of Southern Min.4
Phonology
The Hui'an dialect has 14 phonemic initials and over 80 finals.56
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilantb | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
tenuis | /p/ 布 |
/t/ 大 |
/ts/ 左 |
/k/ 歌 |
/ʔ/ 乌 / 烏 |
| aspirated | /pʰ/ 坡 |
/tʰ/ 兔 |
/tsʰ/ 菜 |
/kʰ/ 去 |
||
| voicedc | /b/ 马 / 馬 |
/l/d 旅 |
/ɡ/ 鹅 / 鵝 |
|||
| Fricative | /s/ 苏 / 蘇 |
/h/ 鱼 / 魚 | ||||
Finals
| /i/ | /ĩ/ | /iʔ/ | /ĩʔ/ | ||||||||||
| /u/ | /uʔ/ | /un/ | /ut/ | ||||||||||
| /a/ | /ã/ | /au/ | /aʔ/ | /ãʔ/ | /auʔ/ | /ãuʔ/ | /am/ | /an/ | /aŋ/ | /ap/ | /at/ | /ak/ | |
| /ai/ | /ãi/ | /ãiʔ/ | |||||||||||
| /e/ | /ẽ/ | /eʔ/ | /ẽʔ/ | /em/ | /en/ | /eŋ/ | /ep/ | /et/ | |||||
| /o/ | /oʔ/ | ||||||||||||
| /ɔ/ | /ɔ̃/ | /ɔ̃ʔ/ | /ɔŋ/ | /ɔk/ | |||||||||
| /ɯ/ | /ɯʔ/ | ||||||||||||
| /ə/ | /əʔ/ | /ən/ | /ət/ | ||||||||||
| /iu/ | /iũ/ | /iuʔ/ | /iũʔ/ | ||||||||||
| /ia/ | /iã/ | /iau/ | /iãu/ | /iaʔ/ | /iãʔ/ | /iauʔ/ | /iãuʔ/ | /iaŋ/ | /iak/ | ||||
| /io/ | /ioʔ/ | ||||||||||||
| /iɔŋ/ | /iɔk/ | ||||||||||||
| /ui/ | /uĩ/ | /uiʔ/ | /uĩʔ/ | ||||||||||
| /ua/ | /uã/ | /uai/ | /uãi/ | /uaʔ/ | /uãiʔ/ | /uan/ | /uaŋ/ | /uat/ | |||||
| /ue/ | /ueʔ/ | ||||||||||||
| /m̩ʔ/ | /m̩/ | ||||||||||||
| /ŋ̍ʔ/ | /ŋ̍/ |
Grammar
The demonstrative system has five pairs of pronouns with a two-way distinction:910
| Proximal | Distal | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| 这 / 這 tsit7 (+ number) + numerative | 彼 hit7 (+ number) + numerative | this/that; these/those; this/that kind of |
| 这 / 這 tsat8 | 彼 hat8 | this/that |
| 这 / 這 tse2 | 彼 hə2 | this/that kind of (generic) |
| 遮 tsuai2 | 徊 huai2 | these/those; this/that |
| 种个 / 種個 tsiɔŋ3-2 e2 | 响个 / 響個 hiɔŋ3-2 e2 | this/that kind of |
Comparison with other varieties of Hokkien
Compared with the Quanzhou dialect (spoken in the central urban area of Quanzhou city), the greatest differences are present in the rimes:1112
| Hui'an | Quanzhou | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hui'an | Quanzhou | ||
| /em/ | /iam/ | 粘 | |
| /lem˨˦/ | /liam˨˦/ | ||
| /im/ | 林 | ||
| /lem˨˦/ | /lim˨˦/ | ||
| /ep/ | /iap/ | 接 | |
| /tsep˥/ | /tsiap˥/ | ||
| /ip/ | 执 / 執 | ||
| /tsep˥/ | /tsip˥/ | ||
| /en/ | /ian/ | 烟 / 煙 | |
| /en˧/ | /ian˧/ | ||
| /in/ | 因 | ||
| /en˧/ | /in˧/ | ||
| /et/ | /iat/ | 浙 | |
| /tset˥/ | /tsiat˥/ | ||
| /it/ | 质 / 質 | ||
| /tset˥/ | /tsit˥/ | ||
| /eŋ/ | /iŋ/ | 兵 | |
| /peŋ˧/ | /piŋ˧/ | ||
| /ən/ | /un/ | 银 / 銀 | |
| /gən˨˦/ | /gun˨˦/ | ||
| /ət/ | /ut/ | 核 | |
| /hət˨˧/ | /hut˨˦/ | ||
Notes
Notes
- Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.123
- The alveolar sibilant phonemes /ts/, /tsʰ/ and /s/ are palatalized to [tɕ], [tɕʰ] and [ɕ], respectively, before /i/.7
- The three voiced phonemes /b/, /l/ and /ɡ/ are realized as the nasal stops [m], [n] and [ŋ], respectively, before nasalized finals.86
- The phoneme /l/ may be treated as a plosive, i.e. /d/.7
References
References
- Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- Chen 2008, p. 568.
- Chen 2011, pp. 17–22.
- Hui'an County Local Chronicles Editorial Board 1998, ch. 1, sec. 1.
- Chen 2011, p. 19.
- Chen 2011, p. 18.
- Chen 2008, pp. 569–570.
- Chen 2011, pp. 96.
- Zhou 2006, pp. 1138–1139.
- Hui'an County Local Chronicles Editorial Board 1998.
Sources
Sources
- Chen, Weirong (2008). "Relative Clauses in Hui'an Dialect" (PDF). In Chan, Marjorie K.M.; Kang, Hana (eds.). Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20). Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University. pp. 567–582.
- Chen, Weirong (2011). The Southern Min Dialect of Hui'an: Morphosyntax and Grammaticalization (PhD). University of Hong Kong. doi:10.5353/th_b4642142.
- Hui'an County Local Chronicles Editorial Board, ed. (1998). 惠安县志 (in Chinese). Vol. 35: 方言. Beijing: China Local Records Publishing. ISBN 7-80122-352-7. Archived from the original on 2019-02-10. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
- Zhou, Changji [in Chinese], ed. (2006). 闽南方言大词典 (in Chinese). Fuzhou: Fujian People's Publishing House. ISBN 7-211-03896-9.