Article · Wikipedia archive · Last revised Jul 25, 2026

Health indicator

Health indicators are quantifiable characteristics of a population which researchers use as supporting evidence for describing the health of a population. Typically, researchers will use a survey methodology to gather information about a population sample, use statistics in an attempt to generalize the information collected to the entire population, and then use the statistical analysis to make a statement about the health of the population. Health indicators are often used by governments to guide health care policy or to make goals for improving population health.

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Health indicators are quantifiable characteristics of a population which researchers use as supporting evidence for describing the health of a population. Typically, researchers will use a survey methodology to gather information about a population sample, use statistics in an attempt to generalize the information collected to the entire population, and then use the statistical analysis to make a statement about the health of the population.1 Health indicators are often used by governments to guide health care policy or to make goals for improving population health.1

Characteristics

A health indicator which will be used internationally to describe global health should have the following characteristics:

  1. It should be defined in such a way that it can be measured uniformly internationally.2
  2. It must have statistical validity.2
  3. The indicator must be data which can feasibly be collected in a reasonable amount of time.23
  4. The analysis of the data must result in a recommendation on which people can make changes to improve health2

Health indicator examples

*This is not a comprehensive list of health indicators.

Health status

Risk factors

  • Alcohol consumption4
  • Smoking in adults4
  • Physical exercise habits4
  • Condom use6
  • Obesity rate6
  • Asthma rate6
  • High blood pressure rate6
  • Air pollution levels6
  • Exclusive breastfeeding rate6
    • Number of mothers who only feed their infants breast milk for the first 6 months of life per a unit of measurement.5
  • Child stunting rate6
    • Number of children who have a low height for their age (more than two standard deviations below the international reference) due to poor nutrition per a unit of measurement.5
  • Child wasting rate6
    • Number of children who have a low weight for their height (more than two standard deviations below the international reference) due to poor nutrition per a unit of measurement.5

Health systems

  • Healthcare coverage4
    • Number of people with some type of health care coverage/insurance per unit of measurement.4
  • Hospital beds per capita4
  • Doctors per capita4
  • Nurses per capita4
  • Hospital readmission rates6
  • Health expenditure as percentage of GDP6
    • Percentage of a nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) used toward healthcare.6
  • People with HIV aware of their status6
  • Breast cancer screening rate6
  • Birth registration rate6
    • Number of people with a government- verified birth certificate per unit of measurement.6
  • Death registration rate6
    • Number of people with a government- verified death certificate per unit of measurement.6

Applications

Health indicators are commonly used to make large-scale or community health-related decisions.8 By describing the current health of a population, the areas that need improvement become evident, and policy-makers and health professionals can work to fill these gaps.83 Once interventions are put in place to try to improve the health of a population, health indicators can then be used to evaluate the success of the intervention.3

Additionally, health indicators can highlight health disparities in a population.3 Differences in health indicators among genders, races, ethnic groups, socioeconomic classes, and other groups can be used to guide policy and interventions that will bring health equity in the future.3

Health indicators are used by many institutions, including international organizations such as the United Nations and World Health Organization (WHO).910 They are also used by smaller-scale community health organizations, hospitals, and other medical and public health organizations such as the Center for Disease Control (CDC), National Institute of Health (NIH), The African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships (ACHAP), and Global Alliance for Africa.1011

References

References

  1. Skolnik, Richard L. (2021). Global health 101 (4th ed.). Burlington, MA. ISBN 978-1-284-14539-7. OCLC 1126251416.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. Larson, C.; Mercer, A. (2004). "Global health indicators: An overview". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 171 (10): 1199–1200. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1021409. PMC 524951. PMID 15534313.
  3. "Health Indicators: Conceptual and Operational Considerations". Pan American Health Organization. 2022.
  4. Development., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and (2015). Health at a Glance 2015 : OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing. ISBN 978-92-64-24351-4. OCLC 932052293.
  5. Skolnik, Richard L. (2021). Global health 101 (4th ed.). Burlington, MA. ISBN 978-1-284-14539-7. OCLC 1126251416.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. World Health Organization (2018). "2018 Global Reference List of 100 Core Health Indicators" (PDF). World Health Organization.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. "Activity and Mobility Promotion" (PDF). Johns Hopkins Medicine. 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  8. Culyer, Anthony (1978-12-31). Measuring Health: Lessons for Ontario. University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442653412. ISBN 978-1-4426-5341-2.
  9. World Health Organization (2018). "2018 Global Reference List of 100 Core Health Indicators" (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  10. Leading Health Indicators 2030. 2020-03-05. doi:10.17226/25682. ISBN 978-0-309-67187-3. PMID 32200597. S2CID 240828832.
  11. "Resources on African Health and Diseases". www.africa.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
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