GNG2

GNG2
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	4KFM, 5HE3, 5HE0, 5HE2, 5HE1
Identifiers
Aliases	GNG2, G protein subunit gamma 2
External IDs	OMIM: 606981; MGI: 102705; HomoloGene: 40715; GeneCards: GNG2; OMA:GNG2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 14 (human)
End	51,979,342 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 14 (mouse)
End	20,027,695 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	secondary oocyte; ; ganglionic eminence; ; left testis; ; right testis; ; bone marrow cell; ; Brodmann area 46; ; middle temporal gyrus; ; epithelium of colon; ; blood; ; spinal ganglia;
	Top expressed in
	dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell; ; ganglionic eminence; ; medial ganglionic eminence; ; dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus; ; granulocyte; ; paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus; ; arcuate nucleus; ; subiculum; ; lateral hypothalamus; ; median eminence;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	signal transducer activity; G-protein beta-subunit binding; protein binding; GTPase activity;
Cellular component	heterotrimeric G-protein complex; plasma membrane; extracellular exosome; membrane; G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex;
Biological process	cellular response to glucagon stimulus; cell population proliferation; signal transduction; cellular response to catecholamine stimulus; platelet activation; adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway; cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus; protein folding; Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	54331
	14702
	ENSG00000186469
	ENSMUSG00000043004
	P59768
	P63213
	NM_001243773; NM_001243774; NM_053064
NM_001038637; NM_001285908; NM_001285909; NM_001285910; NM_001285911;
	NM_010315
	NP_001230702; NP_001230703; NP_444292
NP_001033726; NP_001272837; NP_001272838; NP_001272839; NP_001272840;
	NP_034445
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNG2 gene.⁵⁶

Heterotrimeric G proteins play vital roles in cellular responses to external signals. The specificity of a G protein-receptor interaction is primarily mediated by the gamma subunit.[supplied by OMIM]⁶

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.^{§ 1}

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Nicotine Activity on Dopaminergic Neurons edit

The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "NicotineDopaminergic_WP1602".

References

GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000186469 – Ensembl, May 2017
GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000043004 – Ensembl, May 2017
"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Modarressi MH, Taylor KE, Wolfe J (Jul 2000). "Cloning, characterization, and mapping of the gene encoding the human G protein gamma 2 subunit". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 272 (2): 610–5. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2832. PMID 10833460.
"Entrez Gene: GNG2 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma 2".

Further reading

Pumiglia KM, LeVine H, Haske T, Habib T, Jove R, Decker SJ (1995). "A direct interaction between G-protein beta gamma subunits and the Raf-1 protein kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (24): 14251–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.24.14251. PMID 7782277.
Tsukada S, Simon MI, Witte ON, Katz A (1994). "Binding of beta gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins to the PH domain of Bruton tyrosine kinase". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (23): 11256–60. Bibcode:1994PNAS...9111256T. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.23.11256. PMC 45206. PMID 7972043.
Yan K, Kalyanaraman V, Gautam N (1996). "Differential ability to form the G protein betagamma complex among members of the beta and gamma subunit families". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (12): 7141–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.12.7141. PMID 8636150.
De Waard M, Liu H, Walker D, Scott VE, Gurnett CA, Campbell KP (1997). "Direct binding of G-protein betagamma complex to voltage-dependent calcium channels". Nature. 385 (6615): 446–50. Bibcode:1997Natur.385..446W. doi:10.1038/385446a0. PMID 9009193. S2CID 4287544.
Kostenis E, Conklin BR, Wess J (1997). "Molecular basis of receptor/G protein coupling selectivity studied by coexpression of wild type and mutant m2 muscarinic receptors with mutant G alpha(q) subunits". Biochemistry. 36 (6): 1487–95. doi:10.1021/bi962554d. PMID 9063897.
Qin N, Platano D, Olcese R, Stefani E, Birnbaumer L (1997). "Direct interaction of gbetagamma with a C-terminal gbetagamma-binding domain of the Ca2+ channel alpha1 subunit is responsible for channel inhibition by G protein-coupled receptors". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (16): 8866–71. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.8866Q. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8866. PMC 23172. PMID 9238069.
Ong OC, Hu K, Rong H, Lee RH, Fung BK (1997). "Gene structure and chromosome localization of the G gamma c subunit of human cone G-protein (GNGT2)". Genomics. 44 (1): 101–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4814. PMID 9286705.
Nishida K, Kaziro Y, Satoh T (1999). "Association of the proto-oncogene product dbl with G protein betagamma subunits". FEBS Lett. 459 (2): 186–90. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01244-2. PMID 10518015. S2CID 83524892.
Carman CV, Barak LS, Chen C, Liu-Chen LY, Onorato JJ, Kennedy SP, Caron MG, Benovic JL (2000). "Mutational analysis of Gbetagamma and phospholipid interaction with G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (14): 10443–52. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.14.10443. PMID 10744734.
Evanko DS, Thiyagarajan MM, Siderovski DP, Wedegaertner PB (2001). "Gbeta gamma isoforms selectively rescue plasma membrane localization and palmitoylation of mutant Galphas and Galphaq". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (26): 23945–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101154200. PMID 11294873.
Yu Y, Zhang C, Zhou G, Wu S, Qu X, Wei H, Xing G, Dong C, Zhai Y (2001). "Gene expression profiling in human fetal liver and identification of tissue- and developmental-stage-specific genes through compiled expression profiles and efficient cloning of full-length cDNAs". Genome Res. 11 (8): 1392–403. doi:10.1101/gr.175501. PMC 311073. PMID 11483580.
Lowry WE, Huang XY (2002). "G Protein beta gamma subunits act on the catalytic domain to stimulate Bruton's agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2): 1488–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110390200. PMID 11698416.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, Wagner L, Shenmen CM, Schuler GD (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
Cuello F, Schulze RA, Heemeyer F, Meyer HE, Lutz S, Jakobs KH, Niroomand F, Wieland T (2003). "Activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by a high energy phosphate transfer via nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) B and Gbeta subunits. Complex formation of NDPK B with Gbeta gamma dimers and phosphorylation of His-266 IN Gbeta". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (9): 7220–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210304200. PMID 12486123.
Melliti K, Grabner M, Seabrook GR (2003). "The familial hemiplegic migraine mutation R192Q reduces G-protein-mediated inhibition of P/Q-type (Ca(V)2.1) calcium channels expressed in human embryonic kidney cells". J. Physiol. 546 (Pt 2): 337–47. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.026716. PMC 2342512. PMID 12527722.
Wolfe JT, Wang H, Howard J, Garrison JC, Barrett PQ (2003). "T-type calcium channel regulation by specific G-protein betagamma subunits". Nature. 424 (6945): 209–13. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..209W. doi:10.1038/nature01772. PMID 12853961. S2CID 4414712.
Niu J, Profirovic J, Pan H, Vaiskunaite R, Voyno-Yasenetskaya T (2003). "G Protein betagamma subunits stimulate p114RhoGEF, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RhoA and Rac1: regulation of cell shape and reactive oxygen species production". Circ. Res. 93 (9): 848–56. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000097607.14733.0C. PMID 14512443. S2CID 85928866.
Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
Doering CJ, Kisilevsky AE, Feng ZP, Arnot MI, Peloquin J, Hamid J, Barr W, Nirdosh A, Simms B (2004). "A single Gbeta subunit locus controls cross-talk between protein kinase C and G protein regulation of N-type calcium channels". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (28): 29709–17. doi:10.1074/jbc.M308693200. PMID 15105422.

[WikiPathways-7] The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "NicotineDopaminergic_WP1602".

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000186469 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000043004 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid10833460-5] Modarressi MH, Taylor KE, Wolfe J (Jul 2000). "Cloning, characterization, and mapping of the gene encoding the human G protein gamma 2 subunit". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 272 (2): 610–5. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2832. PMID 10833460.

[entrez-6] "Entrez Gene: GNG2 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma 2".

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