EMPGI

Education Media and Publishing Group International, more commonly known as EMPGI, was a Chinese education company with operations in China, India, Saudi Arabia, and Libya. EMPGI paid licensing fees to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt for exclusive overseas non-English reproduction rights to the library of content, which it then redesigns to meet local requirements in its target markets.

EMPGI was incorporated in May 2008 as a joint venture between heavily indebted EMPG, the holding company that controls Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, and Istithmar World, a private equity vehicle of Dubai World, which is owned by the government of Dubai.¹²