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Convolutidae

Convolutidae is a family of acoels, belonging to the phylum Xenacoelomorpha. This family contains more than a third of all known acoel species.

Last revised
Aug 6, 2026
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≈ 4 min
Length
820 w
Citations
9
Source
Wikipedia ↗
Convolutidae
Temporal range: 1
Flatworm-like Waminoa sp. on Plerogyra sp.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Xenacoelomorpha
Order: Acoela
Superfamily: Aberrantospermata
Family: Convolutidae
Graff, 1905
Synonyms
  • Anaperidae Dörjes, 1968
  • Sagittiferidae Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990

Convolutidae is a family of acoels, belonging to the phylum Xenacoelomorpha. This family contains more than a third of all known acoel species.23

Description

Neochildia fusca source ↗

The family Convolutidae includes acoels with a ventral mouth opening and a body-wall musculature composed both dorsally and ventrally of circular, longitudinal, and longitudinal crossover muscle fibers. The ventral body wall also has a group of U-shaped fibers.2 Most species are symbionts with algae.2 The anterior end has a cluster of frontal glands, a pair of eyes, and a statocyst. The body has a pigmented lens. The intestine and excretory system are absent. They are hermaphroditic, but protandry is common.

Taxonomy

Genera

There are 26 genera in the family Convolutidae, of which 25 are extant.45 The type genus is Convoluta.

Species

There are over 100 species recognised in the family Convolutidae:4

  • †Gutticorpus concentrica Knaust, 2021
  • Achoerus caspius Beklemischev, 1914
  • Achoerus ferox Beklemischev, 1937
  • Achoerus pachycaudatus Dörjes, 1968
  • Adenopea cenata (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1955)
  • Adenopea chuni (Brauner, 1920)
  • Adenopea illardata Löhner & Micoletzky, 1911
  • Adenopea illardatus (Lohner & Micoletzky, 1911)
  • Amphiscolops bermudensis Hyman, 1939
  • Amphiscolops castellonensis Steinböck, 1954
  • Amphiscolops cinereus (Graff, 1874)
  • Amphiscolops evelinae Marcus, 1947
  • Amphiscolops fuligineus Peebles, 1913
  • Amphiscolops gemelliporus Marcus, 1954
  • Amphiscolops gerundensis Steinböck, 1954
  • Amphiscolops japonicus Kato, 1947
  • Amphiscolops marinelliensis Beltagi & Khafagi, 1984
  • Amphiscolops mosaicus Kozloff, 1998
  • Amphiscolops potocani Achatz, 2008
  • Amphiscolops trifurcatus (Beltagi, 1983)
  • Amphiscolops zeii Riedl, 1956
  • Antrosagittifera corallina Hooge & Tyler, 2001
  • Brachypea kenoma Antonius, 1968
  • Conaperta antonii Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007
  • Conaperta cirrata Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007
  • Conaperta flavibacillum (Jensen, 1878)
  • Conaperta lineata (Peebles, 1915)
  • Convoluta albomaculata (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892)
  • Convoluta baltica Meixner, 1938
  • Convoluta bimaculata Graff, 1882
  • Convoluta bohmigi (Brauner, 1920)
  • Convoluta borealis Sabussow, 1900
  • Convoluta boyeri Bush, 1984
  • Convoluta chiridotae (Beklemischev, 1915)
  • Convoluta confusa Graff, 1904
  • Convoluta convoluta (Abildgaard, 1806)
  • Convoluta enelitta Antonius, 1968
  • Convoluta furugelmi Mamkaev, 1971
  • Convoluta henseni Böhmig, 1895
  • Convoluta hipparchia Pereyaslawzewa, 1892
  • Convoluta kikaiensis Yamasu, 1982
  • Convoluta krana Antonius, 1968
  • Convoluta lacazii Graff, 1891
  • Convoluta lacrimosa Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007
  • Convoluta marginalis Ivanov, 1952
  • Convoluta maris-alba (Sabussow, 1899)
  • Convoluta marisalbi Sabussov, 1900
  • Convoluta naviculae Yamasu, 1982
  • Convoluta niphoni Achatz, 2008
  • Convoluta pelagica Lohner & Micoletzky, 1911
  • Convoluta philippinensis Bush, 1984
  • Convoluta punctata Riedl, 1959
  • Convoluta pygopora Antonius, 1968
  • Convoluta schmidti Czerniavsky, 1881
  • Convoluta schuelii Achatz, 2008
  • Convoluta semperi Graff, 1882
  • Convoluta sordida Graff, 1882
  • Convoluta thela (Antonius, 1968)
  • Convoluta uljanini Graff, 1904
  • Convoluta variabilis (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892)
  • Convolutriloba hastifera Winsor, 1990
  • Convolutriloba longifissura Bartolomaeus & Balzer, 1997
  • Convolutriloba macropyga Shannon & Achatz, 2007
  • Convolutriloba retrogemma Hendelberg & Akesson, 1988
  • Haplodiscus acuminatus Böhmig, 1895
  • Haplodiscus bocki Dörjes, 1970
  • Haplodiscus incola (Leiper, 1902)
  • Haplodiscus obtusus Böhmig, 1895
  • Haplodiscus ovatus Böhmig, 1895
  • Haplodiscus piger Weldon, 1888
  • Haplodiscus ussovi Sabussow, 1896
  • Haplodiscus weldoni Böhmig, 1895
  • Heterochaerus australis Haswell, 1905
  • Heterochaerus blumi (Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007)
  • Heterochaerus carvalhoi (Marcus, 1952)
  • Heterochaerus langerhansi (Graff, 1882)
  • Heterochaerus sargassi (Hyman, 1939)
  • Neochildia fusca Bush, 1975
  • Oligochoerus bakuensis Beklemischev, 1963
  • Oligochoerus chlorella Beklemischev, 1963
  • Oligochoerus conops Beklemischev, 1963
  • Oligochoerus erythrophthalmus Beklemischev, 1963
  • Oligochoerus limnophilus Ax & Doerjes, 1966
  • Oligochoerus melanops Beklemischev, 1963
  • Oligochoerus xanthella Beklemischev, 1963
  • Oxyposthia praedator Ivanov, 1952
  • Pelophila lutheri (Westblad, 1946)
  • Philachoerus johanni Dörjes, 1968
  • Praesagittifera gracilis (Yamasu, 1982)
  • Praesagittifera naikaiensis (Yamasu, 1982)
  • Praesagittifera shikoki Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990
  • Sagittifera sagittifera (Ivanov, 1952)
  • Stomatricha hochbergi Hooge, 2003
  • Thalassoanaperus australis (Westblad, 1952)
  • Thalassoanaperus biaculeatus (Boguta, 1970)
  • Thalassoanaperus gardineri (Graff, 1911)
  • Thalassoanaperus ornatus (Beltagi, 2001)
  • Thalassoanaperus rubellus (Westblad, 1945)
  • Thalassoanaperus singularis (Hooge & Smith, 2004)
  • Thalassoanaperus sulcatus (Beklemischev, 1914)
  • Thalassoanaperus tvaerminnensis (Luther, 1912)
  • Waminoa brickneri Ogunlana, Hooge, Tekle, Benayahu, Barneah & Tyler, 2005
  • Waminoa litus Winsor, 1990
  • Wulguru cuspidata Winsor, 1988
Notes

Notes

References

References

  1. Knaust, Dirk (2021-10-07). "A microbialite with its entombed benthic community from the Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian) Muschelkalk Group of Germany". Palaeontographica Abteilung A. 320 (1–3): 1–63. doi:10.1127/pala/2021/0114. ISSN 0375-0442.
  2. Hooge, M. D.; Tyler, S. (2005). "New tools for resolving phylogenies: a systematic revision of the Convolutidae (Acoelomorpha, Acoela)". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 43 (2): 100–113. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00301.x. ISSN 0947-5745.
  3. Turbellarian taxonomic database, 2006.
  4. Seth Tyler (2010). "Convolutidae". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  5. Nilsson, K.S., Wallberg, A., & Jondelius, U. (2011). "New species of Acoela from the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and the South Pacific." Zootaxa 2867: 1-31.