| Chinali | |
|---|---|
| 𑚏𑚮𑚝𑚥𑚡𑚭𑚋𑚲 Chinalbhashe | |
| Native to | Himachal Pradesh |
| Region | Chandra and Chandrabhaga Valley |
| Ethnicity | Chinali |
Native speakers | 215 (2016)1 |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cih |
| Glottolog | chin1475 |
Chinali (natively called Chinalbhashe) is an unclassified, and critically endangered language of India spoken by about 220 people. Many speakers are well educated.1 Speakers are distributed throughout Lahul (or Lahaul) Valley.2 It is written in the Devanagari script.1 It is possible that Chinali is also closely related to Sanskrit.3
Phonology
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Retroflex | Velar/ Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ɳ | ŋ | |
| Stop | voiceless | p | t̪ | ʈ | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | t̪ʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | b | d̪ | ɖ | ɡ | ||
| breathy | bʱ | d̪ʱ | ɖʱ | ɡʱ | ||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||
| aspirated | t͡sʰ | t͡ʃʰ | ||||
| voiced | d͡z | d͡ʒ | ||||
| breathy | d͡ʒʱ | |||||
| Semi vowels | w | |||||
| Spirants | unvoiced | s | ʃ | ʂ | x | |
| voiced | z | ɦ | ||||
| Vibrant | r | ɽ | ||||
| Lateral | l | ɭ | ||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Near-close/high | iː | uː | |
| mid higher | ɛ ɛː | ɔ | |
| Near-open | ɐ ɐː ɐ̃ː | a aː |
References
References
- Chinali at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- "Indo-Aryan Languages", "International Encyclopedia of Linguistics Vol. 1" edited by W. J. Frawley.
- Chamberlain, Brad, Wendy (August 2019). "A Sociolinguistic Survey of Lahul Valley, Himachal Pradesh" (PDF). SIL International: 10.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - A Descriptive Grammar & Vocabulary of Chinali, Dr. D.D. Sharma